Conservative Order, Challenges of Reform, Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1815-1850): Chapter 20
The following are a set of terms you should familiarize yourself prior to reading the chapter and memorize by the time of the exam!
Alexander II - (r.1855-81) Tsar of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
Ausgleich, 1867 - Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.
"Blood and iron" - Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
Bundesrat - The federal council of Austrian government.
Count Camillo Cavour - Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class, Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria, Worked to unite Italy.
Carbonari - A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.
Carlsbad Decrees - 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.
Franco-Prussian War - 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.
Frankfurt Assembly - 1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
Louis Kossuth - Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.
Leopold II - 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.
Magyars - In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population.
Giuseppe Mazzini - Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.
Panslavism - A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
Realpolitik - Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
Otto von Bismarck - (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.
Risorgimento - Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.
I was born a slave, but nature gave me a soul of a free man…
-Toussaint L’Oeuverture
When France has a cold, all Europe sneezes.
-Prince Klemons Von Metternich
Nation States: Chapter 22
The following are a set of terms you should familiarize yourself prior to reading the chapter and memorize by the time of the exam!
Alexander II - (r.1855-81) Tsar of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
Ausgleich, 1867 - Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.
"Blood and iron" - Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
Bundesrat - The federal council of Austrian government.
Count Camillo Cavour - Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class, Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria, Worked to unite Italy.
Franco-Prussian War - 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
Leopold II - 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.
Magyars - In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population.
Giuseppe Mazzini - Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.
Panslavism - A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
Realpolitik - Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
Otto von Bismarck - (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.
Risorgimento - Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.
All treaties between great states cease to be binding when they come in conflict with the struggle for existence. -Otto Von Bismarck
A Country is not a mere territory; the particular territory is only its foundation. The Country is the idea which rises upon that foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship which binds together all the sons of that territory.
-Giusseppe Mazzini
I offer neither pay, nor quarters, nor food; I offer only hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let him who loves his country with his heart, and not merely with his lips, follow me.
-Giuseppe Garibaldi
Birth of Modern Thought: Chapter 24
The following are a set of terms you should familiarize yourself prior to reading the chapter and memorize by the time of the exam!
Science
Louis Pasteur: (1822-1895) developed the germ theory of disease.
Joseph Lister: developed “antiseptic principle” in performing surgeries
Dmiteri Mendelev (1837-1907): organized the rules of chemistry by devising the periodic table in 1869.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867): electromagnetism
August Comte (1798-1857): father of sociology, created Positivism which says intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages;thus humans would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations through the study of sociology.
Charles Darwin: On the Origins of Species, 1859, known for theory of evolution which says all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending “struggle for survival;” species most able to adapt
Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer applied Darwin’s ideas to human society, survival of the fittest: natural laws dictate why certain people were successful and others were not—later used by imperialist as a justification
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Considered one of the three giants of the 19th century thought (along with Darwin and Marx), in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, Freud believed that humans were largely irrational creatures, he was a founder of psychoanalysis where he believed hysteria of his patients originated in unhappy early childhood experiences where they had repressed strong feelings.
New Physics
Marie Curie (1867-1934): discovered the first radioactive element (radium) in 1910
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937): split the atom in 1919~postulated the structure of the atom with a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons
Max Planck (158-1947): Quantum theory~ subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts called “quanta,” not in a steady stream, as previously thought, THUS, matter and energy might be different forms of the same thing—will shake the foundations of 19th century physics that viewed atoms as the stable, indestructible building blocks of matter
Albert Einstein (1879-1955): 1905-theory of relativity of time and space challenged traditional ideas of Newtonian physics. He theorized that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference in the universe. He united an apparently infinite universe with the incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world. E=MC2~matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous levels of potential energy
Impact of the New Physics:
1. shattered the popular belief that the universe should be easily explained via Newtonian physics
*challenged long-held ideas since Newton that all particles interacted based on gravitational force
*Einstein’s theory of relativity now theorized that universal laws were “relative”-based on the position of the observer
2. scientists realized that they knew less about the universe than previously thought
Realism: belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was, largely a reaction to failed Revolutions 1848-1849 and subsequent loss of idealism
*Literature: IN FRANCE, Gustave Flaubert~Madame Bovary (portrays a provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical), Emile Zola~Germinal (hard life of miners in northern France)/ IN ENGLAND, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles/ IN RUSSIA, Leo Tolstoy-greatest Russian Realist-War and Peace (story of Russian society during the Napoleonic wars)
*Art: rather than depending on patrons to fund their works (ie. The church, nobles) they exercised virtual artistic freedom and hoped to make their money by selling their paintings to the public, realists sought to portray life as it really was; not idealized, ordinary people became the subject of numerous paintings
Gustave Courbet: the Stone Breakers, Francois Millet: the Gleaners, Edouard Manet: considered the first modernist painter
Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy.
-Sigmund Freud
Animals, whom we have made our slaves, we do not like to consider our equal.
-Charles Darwin
Imperialism and World War 1: Chapter 25 & pages 870-875
The following are a set of terms you should familiarize yourself prior to reading the chapter and memorize by the time of the exam!
Imperialism - One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.
Belgian Congo - exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.
Boer War - English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good.
East India Company - Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world.
Congress of Berlin - Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.
Fashoda Incident - Conflict in Africa between France and Britain.
Cecil Rhodes - Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
Protectorate - Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.
Sphere of Influence - In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
The White Man’s Burden - 1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. Addresses the idea that it is the burden of the white man to take care of savages who are not as advanced.
Heart of Darkness - Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.
Great War
Balkan Wars - Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.
Berlin Conference, 1885 - Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.
Black Hand - Ultra Nationalist, Serbian Society. Secretly supported by members of the Serbian government.
Conscription - Forced recruitment into the army to meet the needs of war.
Charles I (1887-1922) - Last Austrian Emperor abdicated Nov. 1918. The next day Austria was declared a Republic as was Hungary
Entente Cordial - Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.
Isolationism - Not becoming involved in global or regional events.
Joseph Joffre - French general led the French at the Battle of the Marne.
Kaiser Wilhelm II - Germany. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck’s treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.
Kruger Telegram - William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the Jamison Raid. Alerted Britain of the dangers from Germany.
V. I. Lenin - Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.
League of Nations - Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations.
Lusitania - Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.
Battle of the Marne - A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.
Morocco Crisis, 1911 - After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing.
Nicholas II - the last tsar. Wanted supreme rule of army and government. Led the armies to defeat. Forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Duma.
Gavrilo Princip - The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the war. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.
Treaty of Versailles - Negotiated by the Big Three Germany was stripped of colonies Alsace and Loraine given back to France. Poland was reconstituted as a state. Polish corridor would split Prussia from Germany. The Saar region would be French for 15 years. Heavy repercussions (not specified until later.)
Battle of Verdun - 1916 German assault on the French fortress- turned into a battle of attrition France won.
Triple Entente - 1914, Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points - President Wilson’s Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self-determination and the rights of the small countries. Freedom of the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten."
Woodrow Wilson - U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.
Zimmerman Telegram - German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.
A lie told often enough becomes truth.
Vladimir Lenin
An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.
-Mohandas Gandhi
An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of preaching.
-Mohandas Gandhi
Rise of Dictators and Social Experiences of the 20th Century Europeans: Chapters 26 & 27
The following are a set of terms you should familiarize yourself with prior to reading the chapter and memorize by the time of the exam!
Bloody Sunday - In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar~Possibly the start of the Revolution.
Bolsheviks - "Majority group"
Cheka - Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".
Decembrist Revolt - Uprising in Russia mainly soldiers soon suppressed-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement inspired by ideology.
Fyodor Dostoevsky - Russian novelist.
Duma - Popular parliament.
Fundamental Laws - Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.
Alexander Kerensky - Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.
General Kornilov - Wanted to be the savior of Russia. Tried to stage a coup-demanded the resignation of all ministers Kerensky ordered him to turn over command. But soldiers refused to follow him.
Kronstadt Revolt - Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base. Suppressed by the military. After the revolt Lenin introduced the N.E.P.
March Revolution - Bolsheviks become the leaders of Russia.
Mensheviks - 'Minority group'.
October Manifesto - Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.
"Peace, Bread, and Land"- Lenin’s slogan in the Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.
Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.
-Joseph Stalin
If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently enough, it will be believed.
-Adolph Hitler