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Mainbar: Concerns grow about hormone-disrupting chemicals in Wisconsin water; Wisconsin lags behind Minnesota in testing waters (1,600 words)
Sidebar: Minnow reveals wastewater’s toxic effects (470 words)
Sidebar:Profiles: Chemicals in the water (300 words)
Sidebar:Tainted fish (420 words)
Sidebar:Responses from government agencies (750 words)
Concerns grow about hormone-disrupting chemicals in Wisconsin water
Wisconsin lags behind Minnesota in testing waters
By Kate Golden
Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
In America’s Dairyland, steroid hormones from livestock have been found in the snowmelt runoff from large cattle-feeding operations.
In the Shenandoah River, researchers investigating recurring fish kills found something in the polluted waters had feminized 80 to 100 percent of the male smallmouth bass, causing them to produce immature eggs in their testes.
And in Minnesota, three weeks after researchers put male minnows in lakes, they developed intersex characteristics.
All over the country, chemicals known to disrupt or act like hormones seem to have permeated the waters and may be harming wildlife —or people.
“The more you know, the more scared you are,” said Kimberlee Wright, executive director of the Wisconsin-based nonprofit law center Midwest Environmental Advocates.
Known as endocrine disruptors, these chemicals are in soaps, plastics, industrial solvents, pesticides and herbicides, as well as human or animal medicines. Some occur naturally but hundreds are man-made and found everywhere that modern chemistry has improved people’s lives.
A United Nations report in February declared endocrine disruptors a “global threat” to wildlife and humans, particularly infants and children. Close to 800 chemicals are known or suspected to disrupt hormone function, but thousands in use have never been tested, the U.N. report said.
Despite growing evidence of risks, state and federal governments have issued little guidance on how much of these suspected endocrine disruptors in our lakes, streams and groundwater constitute danger for fish, wildlife or people. These chemicals are largely unregulated.
Wisconsin has not systematically looked for endocrine disruptors statewide. Research and regulation of them is poorly funded and loosely coordinated, according to a Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism review of records and interviews with government officials and environmental experts.
“We’re not a building full of bureaucrats ignorant to the problem,” said Brad Wolbert, chief of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’s recycling and solid waste program. “It’s just that it’s a really big problem.”
Dozens of pesticides have been associated with endocrine disruption. Pesticides have commonly been detected in surface waters, and in an estimated one-third of drinking water wells in Wisconsin, according to a survey by the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection.
Endocrine disruptors mess with the body’s signaling systems, which respond with exquisite sensitivity to tiny amounts of hormones like estrogen or testosterone. Hormones regulate growth and development, stress response, metabolism and a host of other functions.
High levels of exposure to certain endocrine disruptors have been found to cause diabetes or cancer. But even exceptionally low doses may be harmful — although research funded by the chemical industry argues the evidence for this has been overstated.
Scientists coined the term “endocrine disruption” in 1991, at a conference in Racine, after troubling findings emerged from the Great Lakes in the 1980s. Researchers found that women who ate as few as two meals a month of PCB-contaminated Lake Michigan fish delivered smaller babies, and their children later scored worse on memory and attention-span tests.
Scientific evidence has begun to link “exposure to some toxic chemicals to a range of reproductive and childhood developmental problems,” according to a 2010 report from the nonprofit Pew Health Group.
Endocrine disruptors are suspected of causing declining sperm counts, infertility, obesity, genital deformities, breast cancer, prostate cancer, retarded sexual development, and impaired memory or intelligence in children — among other problems.
At the same time, none of the dozens of experts interviewed said Wisconsinites should stop drinking their well water or swimming in lakes. The science isn’t there yet, they said.
Minnesota outpacing Wisconsin
DNR does not have a testing program for the presence of unregulated endocrine disruptors in surface waters, according to Susan Sylvester, head of the agency’s water quality bureau.
“We don’t have the budget for it. We don’t have any staff on it,” Sylvester said.
Said Melissa Malott, water program director of the environmental advocacy group Clean Wisconsin: “There’s this critical issue, where there’s not funding at the state level or the federal level to figure out how widespread it is or how problematic it is.”
It is quite a contrast to neighboring Minnesota, which sampled 50 lakes last summer for these and other contaminants of emerging concern.
“Minnesota has been by far the most proactive in terms of funding statewide studies on endocrine disruptors,” said Dana Kolpin, lead scientist for the U.S. Geological Survey’s Emerging Contaminants project.
Minnesota has spent at least $1.42 million on such research since 2008, funded in part by a voter-approved sales tax that pours millions into a Clean Water Fund each year. The state’s sampling and monitoring for effects in rivers, streams and groundwater has been conducted in partnership with the USGS and St. Cloud State University.
Wisconsin, like other states, relies on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for guidance on how to safeguard its waters. But the EPA has not provided such guidance, DNR spokesman Bill Cosh wrote in an email.
Seventeen years ago, Congress told the EPA to start screening chemicals for endocrine disruption. The task included an estimated 87,000 chemicals, since narrowed to 10,000. From 1999 to 2010, the EPA received $131.5 million for endocrine disruptor research, though not all of it was spent that way.
Hundreds of studies have since documented various chemicals’ potential to interfere with endocrine systems. Yet in 2011 the EPA’s inspector general slammed the agency, saying the EPAstill “has not determined whether any chemical is an endocrine disruptor.”
The EPA said in a statement that it had to start “from scratch” to develop scientifically rigorous new screening methods, and added that “the pace of the program has increased.”
Chemicals widespread in the environment
In 2002, the USGS showed that these chemicals were widespread in streams susceptible to contamination. Since that landmark national study, research on them has exploded.
Potential sources of endocrine disruptors include wastewater treatment plants and urban, industrial or agricultural runoff.
Most often, endocrine disruption in wildlife —like the Minnesota intersex minnows or the Shenandoah River bass —cannot be blamed on a single chemical because the waters contain so many different pollutants.
Some endocrine disruptors are hormones, like the progesterone that University of Wisconsin researchers recently found in runoff from Wisconsin livestock operations. The good news from that EPA-funded research was that the hormones degraded so rapidly the researchers surmised “minimal impact on aquatic organisms.”
But they also a reported a more ominous finding: the levels of progesterone found were high enough to slow down male laboratory minnows’ sperm and decrease females’ fertility.
Some chemicals are not hormones but just act like them, or block them.
And some chemicals in Wisconsin’s environment already known to cause health problems are now pegged as possible endocrine disruptors. These include PCBs in the Fox River, neurotoxic mercury in the lakes, and pockets of arsenic, nitrates and the pesticide atrazine in wells.
No widespread sampling in Wisconsin
DNR acknowledged in a January 2012 report that pharmaceuticals and personal care products “have been found in low but surprising quantities throughout the Great Lakes,” and warned that “these products are a cause for concern as they have been linked to several problems such as intersex fish.”
The report added: “In an effort to be proactive and protective of humans and wildlife, Wisconsin should consider developing water quality standards for these pharmaceutical byproducts.”
But it noted that it would need a surface water monitoring program “to determine the scale of this potential problem in the state.”
As for pesticides, the report said that with new products on the market and new toxicity data, the DNR — with the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection and the Department of Health Services — should review water quality standards for pesticides “to determine which, if any, need to be updated” to protect people and wildlife.
But it also said pesticides were “not ranked as a top priority by internal staff.”
In lieu of an overarching approach to endocrine disruptors, DNR addresses them through existing programs.
For instance, landfills —from which endocrine disruptors and other chemicals may leach into groundwater —are subject to much tighter standards now than several decades ago, Wolbert said.
The cleanup of Superfund sites or brownfields may target regulated chemicals but clean up unregulated endocrine disruptors along the way.
The agency is also trying to educate the public about proper drug disposal. It recently published a report estimating that just 2 percent of the pharmaceutical waste in Wisconsin is properly collected through take-back programs.
And in conjunction with Minnesota, Wisconsin warns people not to eat some Mississippi River fish because they are contaminated with the potential endocrine disruptor PFOS, once a key ingredient in 3M’s Scotchgard.
Like other states, Wisconsin and Minnesota must report to Congress every two years on their water quality protection efforts.
Minnesota’s recent report contains lengthy descriptions of its water sampling for endocrine disruptors, development of health standards and latest attempts to identify statewide trends.
Wisconsin’s names algae blooms and climate change as emerging water issues. It includes a brief recommendation to look for “recently discovered contaminants” in groundwater, but does not address the issue of endocrine disruptors.
Cosh wrote that the agency is aware Minnesota is doing more, and added, “Our current surveillance program is supported by the resources we have available.”
Advocates: Government failing to protect public
Wright, the Midwest Environmental Advocates lawyer, said environmentalists have not agitated for much action on endocrine disruptors in Wisconsin despite a need for it.
“There’s so much trying to hold the line on environmental rollbacks that addressing emerging issues is almost impossible,” she said.
Malott, of Clean Wisconsin, said state and federal governments have failed to adequately address the risks.
“We expect government to think ahead for us. We expect government to figure out what the problems are,” Malott said. “And there is more than enough evidence to implicate these chemicals.”
This project was supported by the Fund for Investigative Journalism and the Fund for Environmental Journalism. The nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism ( collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the UW-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication.
All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.
SIDEBAR
Minnow reveals wastewater’s toxic effects
The fathead minnow is a common, dull gray baitfish, but it has acquired an outsize importance for researchers studying endocrine disruption. This little fish is to aquatic toxicology what mice and rats are to drug trials.
Minnesota researchers used it recently to explore the effects of exposure to the effluent streams from wastewater treatment plants.
Extrapolating is not ideal. Fish get a lot more exposure to polluted water than people. They live in the water, while we just drink or swim in it.
And these experiments cannot be done on people.
Luckily, the endocrine systems of fish and people are fundamentally similar, said Dalma Martinovic-Weigelt, a researcher at the University of St. Thomas, in St. Paul, who coauthored the study.
“If a chemical can affect hormones in fish, usually that chemical will also affect those same systems in humans,” Martinovic said.
Normally the female fathead minnow sticks a few hundred eggs to the underside of a ledge, then considers the job done. The male does all the work of guarding the eggs. He rubs the eggs against the fat pad and pimple-like bumps on his head, maybe to keep them clean. The bumps are secondary sex characteristics, like hairy armpits on humans.
But fathead minnows are vulnerable to chemicals. Expose a female to testosterone and she’ll start developing a fat pad. Add estrogenic chemicals to the male’s water, and his bumps shrink.
Other changes are less obvious. He may not take such good care of his nest. He is not as competitive or aggressive toward other males. His testes will not develop, and he will produce less sperm.
Or he may be slower to swim away from predators.
Martinovic and her collaborators found that male minnows exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluent acted like they’d been exposed to estrogens.
The males managed to mate if other males were not around. But if they had to compete with the control males, however, they “suffered nearly total reproductive failure”: They had no game. Probably, the researchers hypothesized, due to their behavioral changes.
In another study, Martinovic and colleagues ground up exposed minnows’ livers and purified the genetic material in them to measure how exposure might have affected the activation of thousands of genes.
They found that changes in gene expression followed the chemical composition of the effluents. The more stuff in the water, the more genes were affected. And the affected genes were those involved in reproduction and immune systems.
At some sites, Martinovic said, she saw a big difference between upstream and downstream effects.
In others, especially those already polluted upstream, she saw less of a difference.
To Martinovic, that meant the effluent was not the only source of chemicals. In other words, she said, “we have a problem to begin with— and we’re just adding to that problem.”
—Kate Golden
SIDEBAR
Tainted fish
Wisconsin’s Department of Natural Resources and Department of Health Services warn residents to limit their consumption of wild fish to prevent possible health problems from chemical contamination, as do many other states.
Those problems include a range of health effects, but the four groups of chemicals that trigger consumption advisories —PCBs, mercury, dioxins and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfate) — have been associated with endocrine disruption, DNR toxicologist Candy Schrank confirmed.
Most fish contain at least low levels of mercury, while the other three chemicals are of most concern at specific locations.
Chemicals to blame
Mercury: A natural element that is mobilized and emitted into the air via combustion and other activities. Mercury has been shown to affect the cognitive thinking, memory, attention, language, fine motor skills and visual spatial skills of children exposed in the womb. It can reduce fertility in people and have other reproductive effects, and is associated with nervous system effects in adults. Most people have blood mercury levels below that which is associated with possible health effects.
PCBs: A group of very persistent chlorinated chemicals that build up in the body over years. Researchers saw developmental disorders and cognitive deficits in the children of Michigan mothers who ate moderate to high amounts of fish before and during pregnancy. By 11, these children were three times more likely to have low verbal IQ scores, twice as likely to lag behind at least two years in reading comprehension, and had more difficulty paying attention. Hormones may be the mechanism for these effects, even though they are not usually thought of as endocrine-related. PCB health effects of concern to adults include diabetes and thyroid disorders, both of which are endocrine-related.
Dioxins:A family of toxic chemicals that are byproducts from combustion and industrial chemical processes. The state advises not to eat fish when samples exceed 10 parts per trillion; this means no carp or big catfish from the Wisconsin River.Most people have detectable levels of dioxins at levels that are “likely to result in an increased risk of cancer and is uncomfortably close to levels that can cause subtle adverse non-cancer effects,” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says. Non-cancer effects include changes in hormone systems, altered fetal development, reduced fertility, and less resistance to disease. Triclosan, a common hand soap ingredient, has been found to break down into dioxins.