Chapter 019 the Ankle and Foot Joints

Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints

True / False Questions

1.Poor foot mechanics early in life inevitably leads to foot discomfort in later years, and it is not unusual for individuals to complain of knee, hip, back, and neck pain that stems from the use of improper shoes.
TrueFalse

2.The Trendelenburg test is an easy and effective way to assess gluteus maximus weakness.
TrueFalse

3.There are 23 bones in each foot.
TrueFalse

4.The body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus and calcaneus.
TrueFalse

5.The base of the 5th metatarsal is enlarged and prominent to serve as an attachment point for the peroneus brevis and tertius.
TrueFalse

6.The two muscles that meet at the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal are the tibialis anterior and peroneus brevis.
TrueFalse

7.The tibia and fibula form the tibiofibular joint, a syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint.
TrueFalse

8.The muscles in the deep posterior compartment include the tibialis posterior, the extensor digitorum longus, and the extensor hallucis longus.
TrueFalse

9.The talocrural joint is made up of the talus, the distal tibia, and distal fibula.
TrueFalse

10.The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints provide flexion and extension for the ankle and foot.
TrueFalse

Multiple Choice Questions

11.The extensor digitorum longus, the extensor hallucis longus, the tibialis anterior, and the peroneus tertius reside in the ______compartment.
A.posterior
B.lateral
C.anterior
D.deep posterior

12.The Achilles tendon perches on the ______bone of the foot.
A.talus
B.calcaneus
C.cuboid
D.navicular

13.The ______compartment of the leg houses peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.
A.lateral
B.anterior
C.superficial posterior
D.deep posterior

14.There are ______metatarsals in the foot.
A.14
B.5
C.7
D.2

15.The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are located in the ______compartment in the leg.
A.deep posterior
B.lateral
C.anterior
D.superficial posterior

16.The muscles of the anterior leg compartment perform ______.
A.plantar flexion
B.inversion
C.eversion
D.dorsiflexion

17.The ______originates on the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
A.soleus
B.gastrocnemius
C.plantaris
D.flexor digitorum longus

18.The gastrocnemius and the ______form the triceps surae.
A.soleus
B.plantaris
C.flexor digitorum longus
D.tibialis posterior

19.The soleus is a stronger ______than the gastrocnemius.
A.dorsiflexor
B.evertor
C.plantar flexor
D.invertor

20.The membrane that separates the anterior from the deep posterior compartment in the leg is called the ______.
A.superior retinaculum
B.inferior retinaculum
C.interosseous membrane
D.extensor retinaculum

21.There are ______phalanges in each foot.
A.5
B.14
C.7
D.10

22.The tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are located in the ______compartment of the leg.
A.deep posterior
B.superficial posterior
C.anterior
D.lateral

23.The tarsal bone located just superior to the 3 cuneiform bones is called the ______.
A.calcaneus
B.talus
C.navicular
D.cuboid

24.The tarsal bone located beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals is called the ______bone.
A.cuboid
B.talus
C.cuneiform
D.navicular

25.The peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior have insertions on the ______and ______bones.
A.1st metatarsal; 2nd cuneiform
B.2nd metatarsal; medial cuneiform
C.1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform
D.cuboid; 5th metatarsal

26.The tibialis posterior performs ______and ______.
A.eversion; dorsiflexion
B.inversion; plantar flexion
C.dorsiflexion; inversion
D.plantar flexion; eversion

27.______is a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in).
A.Pronation
B.Inversion
C.Eversion
D.Supination

28.______is a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out).
A.Supination
B.Pronation
C.Inversion
D.Eversion

29.The peroneus longus originates on the ______.
A.middle third of the fibula
B.medial condyle of the tibia
C.head of the fibula
D.lateral head of the tibia

30.The flexor digitorum longus originates on the ______.
A.posterior middle third of the tibia
B.posterior middle third of the fibula
C.anterior tibia medial condyle
D.head of the fibula

31.The peroneus brevis inserts on the base of the ______.
A.1st metatarsal
B.2nd metatarsal
C.3rd metatarsal
D.5th metatarsal

32.The tibialis anterior originates on the ______.
A.upper two thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia
B.head of the fibula
C.medial condyle of the tibia
D.tibial tuberosity

33.There are ______cuneiform bones in the foot.
A.6
B.3
C.2
D.4

34.The metatarsophalangeal joints are classified as ______joints.
A.ginglymus
B.ball-and-socket
C.condyloidal
D.arthroidal

35.There are more than ______ligaments in the foot binding bone to bone.
A.50
B.40
C.80
D.100

36.The peroneus longus may be stretched by moving the foot into extreme inversion and
A.dorsiflexion.
B.plantarflexion.
C.eversion.
D.adduction.

37.A limited ______affects gait because push-off after the foot strikes the ground is limited.
A.soleus
B.tibialis
C.gastrocnemius
D.peroneal

38.The tibialis posterior muscle is generally strengthened by
A.dorsiflexion against resistance.
B.performing heel raises.
C.eversion against resistance.
D.lunges.

39.This muscle's tendons are isolated by actively taking the four lesser toes into extreme extension while the foot is everted and dorsiflexed.
A.Gastrocnemius
B.Soleus
C.Flexor digitorum longus
D.Anterior tibialis

40.Performing towel grabs against resistance is helpful for
A.hammer toe.
B.heal pain.
C.sciatica.
D.strengthening foot flexors.

41.41.To stretch this muscle, the knee must be bent while performing dorsiflexion.
A.Tibialis
B.Gastrocnemius
C.Soleus
D.Peroneals

42.This muscle flexes the big toe.
A.Flexor hallucis longus
B.Peroneus brevis
C.Peroneus tertius
D.Anterior tibialis

43.Strengthen the peroneus tertius by pulling the foot up into ______against a weight or resistance.
A.plantar flexion
B.dorsiflexion
C.supination
D.pronation

44.The weighted sock exercise is a great way to strengthen what muscles that acts on the ankle?
A.The tibia rotators
B.The plantar flexors
C.The dorsiflexors
D.The toes flexors

45.This muscle is important to strengthen along with the gastrocnemius.
A.Peroneus longus
B.Tibialis anterior
C.Peroneus tertius
D.Extensor digitorum longus

46.The extensor digitorum longus may be stretched moving the four lesser toes into full flexion while the foot is
A.pronated and dorsiflexed.
B.supinated and plantar-flexed.
C.inverted and plantar-flexed.
D.everted and dorsiflexed.

47.The four dorsiflexors of the foot are called into action when
A.running on the track.
B.climbing stairs or while hiking.
C.doing a lunge.
D.sitting in a chair.

48.The adductor hallucis is the sole adductor of the
A.great toe.
B.fifth toe.
C.second toe.
D.entire foot.

49.Eversion and inversion against resistance helps strengthen the
A.gastrocnemius.
B.ankle.
C.knee.
D.foot flexors.

50.During the gastrocnemius stretch, to help intensify the stretch, the torso should remain
A.rotated and flexed.
B.rotated.
C.extended.
D.flexed.

Fill in the Blank Questions

51.Walking and running consist of ______and ______phases.
______

52.The large bony landmarks at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called the ______.
______

53.In the walking gait cycle when the foot lands on the heel it is called a(n) ______.
______

54.The movement in the gait cycle when the toe (primarily the first metatarsal) pushes off the ground to advance that particular foot forward is called ______.
______

55.The ______phase of the walking gait cycle contains three components: heel-strike, ______, and toe-off.
______

56.The two longitudinal arches are called the ______and the ______.
______

57.The arch that extends across the foot from one metatarsal bone to the other is called the ______.
______

58.The action of grabbing the sand with your toes is called ______.
______

59.Movement of the toes away from the plantar surface of the foot is called ______.
______

60.The ______is absent in some humans and contributes minimally to plantar flexion.
______

61.The peroneus tertius assists in ______as well as in eversion.
______

62.The ______when weak has foot drop as it is normally a very strong ______as well as invertor.
______

63.The exact antagonist for the extensor digitorum longus is the ______.
______

64.The ______and ______perform plantar flexion and are the most superficial of the calf muscles.
______

65.The ______originates on the middle two thirds of the posterior surface of the fibula.
______

66.The perfect antagonist to the peroneus longus is ______as they actually insert on the same bones and have opposite actions.
______

67.The peroneals will ______if the client walks on the inside of the foot.
______

68.High heels will make the ______shorten over time.
______

69.The muscle that inserts on the plantar surface of the foot on the navicular and cuneiform bones and bases of the 2nd-5th metatarsals is called the ______.
______

70.Curling the toes for too long may cramp the ______.
______

71.The most posterior tendon of the deep posterior compartment muscles as they stack behind the medial malleolus is the ______.
______

72.The muscle that is Greek for fibula is called ______.
______

73.A tight tibialis anterior pulls on the inside of the foot, ______the peroneus longus, and causes weight to shift to the lateral side of the foot.
______

74.The two tendons that pass along the lower edge of the lateral malleolus are the ______.
______

75.A tight ______makes it almost impossible to flex the great toe.
______

19-1

Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key

True / False Questions

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-4

2.The Trendelenburg test is an easy and effective way to assess gluteus maximus weakness.
FALSE

It is a test for gluteus medius weakness.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1

3.There are 23 bones in each foot.
FALSE

There are 26 bones in each foot.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

4.The body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus and calcaneus.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

5.The base of the 5th metatarsal is enlarged and prominent to serve as an attachment point for the peroneus brevis and tertius.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

6.The two muscles that meet at the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal are the tibialis anterior and peroneus brevis.
FALSE

The peroneus brevis inserts on the base of the 5th metatarsal and the peroneus longus meets the tibialis anterior on the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3
Learning Outcome: 19-5

7.The tibia and fibula form the tibiofibular joint, a syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint.
TRUE

Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1

8.The muscles in the deep posterior compartment include the tibialis posterior, the extensor digitorum longus, and the extensor hallucis longus.
FALSE

The extensor digitorum longus and the extensor hallucis longus belong in the anterior compartment. The flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are in the deep posterior compartment.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-3

9.The talocrural joint is made up of the talus, the distal tibia, and distal fibula.
TRUE

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

10.The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints provide flexion and extension for the ankle and foot.
FALSE

This joint provides eversion and inversion for the foot and ankle.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

Multiple Choice Questions

11.The extensor digitorum longus, the extensor hallucis longus, the tibialis anterior, and the peroneus tertius reside in the ______compartment.
A.posterior
B.lateral
C.anterior
D.deep posterior

The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located anteriorly thus are in the anterior compartment.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3

12.The Achilles tendon perches on the ______bone of the foot.
A.talus
B.calcaneus
C.cuboid
D.navicular

The Achilles tendon extends from the gastrocnemius and soleus and inserts on the calcaneus.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3
Learning Outcome: 19-5

13.The ______compartment of the leg houses peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.
A.lateral
B.anterior
C.superficial posterior
D.deep posterior

The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located laterally and thus are in the lateral compartment.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3

14.There are ______metatarsals in the foot.
A.14
B.5
C.7
D.2

Five metatarsals line up with the phalanges of the foot.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

15.The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are located in the ______compartment in the leg.
A.deep posterior
B.lateral
C.anterior
D.superficial posterior

The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located superficially on the posterior leg and thus are in the superficial posterior compartment.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3

16.The muscles of the anterior leg compartment perform ______.
A.plantar flexion
B.inversion
C.eversion
D.dorsiflexion

The only action the anterior leg compartment muscles all share is dorsiflexion.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-4
Learning Outcome: 19-6

17.The ______originates on the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
A.soleus
B.gastrocnemius
C.plantaris
D.flexor digitorum longus

Only the gastrocnemius attaches to medial and lateral condyles of the femur.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-3
Learning Outcome: 19-5

18.The gastrocnemius and the ______form the triceps surae.
A.soleus
B.plantaris
C.flexor digitorum longus
D.tibialis posterior

The gastrocnemius and the soleus are labeled the triceps surae for their collective three heads.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1

19.The soleus is a stronger ______than the gastrocnemius.
A.dorsiflexor
B.evertor
C.plantar flexor
D.invertor

The soleus only job is plantar flexion and does not attach to the femur. It makes it a strong prime mover for plantar flexion.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-4
Learning Outcome: 19-6

The interosseous membrane is the tissue that separates the tibia from the fibula and divides the compartments.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3

21.There are ______phalanges in each foot.
A.5
B.14
C.7
D.10

Each toe has three phalanges except the great toe has two; 3 times 4 is 12 and 2 is 14.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1

22.The tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are located in the ______compartment of the leg.
A.deep posterior
B.superficial posterior
C.anterior
D.lateral

Tom, Dick, and Harry are the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus and are located in the deep posterior compartment.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1

23.The tarsal bone located just superior to the 3 cuneiform bones is called the ______.
A.calcaneus
B.talus
C.navicular
D.cuboid

The navicular bone is nestled in next to the cuneiform bones in the foot.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

24.The tarsal bone located beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals is called the ______bone.
A.cuboid
B.talus
C.cuneiform
D.navicular

The cuboid bone sits just beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2

Coming from separate directions the peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior both insert on the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-2
Learning Outcome: 19-3

26.The tibialis posterior performs ______and ______.
A.eversion; dorsiflexion
B.inversion; plantar flexion
C.dorsiflexion; inversion
D.plantar flexion; eversion

The tibialis posterior performs inversion and plantar flexion.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-4
Learning Outcome: 19-6

27.______is a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in).
A.Pronation
B.Inversion
C.Eversion
D.Supination

Supination is a foot movement that combines plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction.

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-4
Learning Outcome: 19-6

28.______is a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out).
A.Supination
B.Pronation
C.Inversion
D.Eversion

Pronation is a foot movement that combines ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out).

Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 19-1
Learning Outcome: 19-4
Learning Outcome: 19-6

29.The peroneus longus originates on the ______.
A.middle third of the fibula
B.medial condyle of the tibia
C.head of the fibula
D.lateral head of the tibia

The head of the fibula is the origin of the peroneus longus.