Nation Building and Reform & Industrialization and the Marxist Response Outline

Nation Building and Reform

  1. Austria
  2. Revolution of 1848
  3. September 7, 1848 – Act of emancipation
  4. Freed surfs and all compulsory labor services
  5. 1851 – Revolutionary constitutions were abolished and centralized autocracy was established.
  6. Under Alexander von Bach
  7. Many Changes
  8. Unified laws and taxation, Catholic Church was declared state church and given control of education
  9. Austro-Prussian War
  10. Austrians vs. Hungarians
  11. Ausgleich, or compromise, of 1867
  12. Created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
  13. Each had own constitution, government, capitals, etc
  14. But had a common army, foreign policy, finances, and a single monarch, Francis Joseph
  15. Imperial Russia
  16. Loss of Crimean War (Russia vs. Britain and France)
  17. Showed Russia's faults
  18. Tsar Alexander II came to power
  19. Abolishment of serfdom
  20. “The existing order of serfdom cannot remain unchanged. It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it is abolished from below.” – Alexander II to nobles
  21. March 3, 1861 – Alexander II issued emancipation edict
  22. Still limited rights, but MUCH better
  23. Peasants subject to mir
  24. Village commune
  25. Other Reforms
  26. 1864 – system of zemstuas
  27. Local assemblies
  28. Self Government
  29. Representative elected
  30. Property based – Nobles still get the advantage
  31. Alexander Herzen
  32. “Land & Freedom”
  33. Made the movement of populism
  34. To create a new society by revolutions of peasants
  35. Vera Zasulich(woman)
  36. Supported violence to fight violent repression
  37. People's Will
  38. Encouraged by Vera Zasulich
  39. 1881 – Assassinated Alexander II
  40. His son turned against the reform and wanted the traditional ways of repression
  41. Great Britain: Victorian Age
  42. Reform Act of 1832
  43. Political representation for the middle class
  44. Middle class gains prosperity
  45. More National Pride
  46. Queen Victoria
  47. Reign 1837 – 1901
  48. Longest in history
  49. Known as the Victorian Age
  50. Time of uneasy stability – Upper class dominated Parliament
  51. Henry John Temple, or Lord Palmerston
  52. Prime Minister most of 1855 – 1865
  53. Wasn't afraid to make political compromises
  54. Died in 1865
  55. Whigs (now liberals) were responsible for Reform Act of 1832
  56. Led by William Gladstone
  57. Talked about passing more reforms
  58. Tories (now conservatives) actually made more changes
  59. Led by Benjamin Disraeli
  60. Reform Act of 1832, 1867, and 1884
  61. Important step towards democratization of Britain
  62. Made many more voters; 1831 – 2.1% of pop. 1885 – 16.3% of pop.
  63. United States
  64. Huge Population increase
  65. 4 million Afro-American slaves
  66. Lincoln becomes President
  67. “This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free”
  68. 1861- 1865 – American Civil War
  69. Over 600,000 soldiers died
  70. January 1, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation
  71. Lincoln – “forever free”
  72. April 9, 1865 – General Lee (Confederacy) surrendered to General Grant (Union)
  73. Canadian Nation
  74. British had to take action so it wasn't another “United States”
  75. Got Parliamentary system and ruled itself
  76. Still under British control

Industrialization and the Marxist Response

  1. Europe was industrialized and doing very well economically
  2. More power looms instead of old hand looms, new uses for the steam engine, elimination of international trade barriers, governments actually encouraged joint-stock investment banks
  3. Marx and Marxism
  4. Karl Marx
  5. From a prosperous middle class family
  6. Went to a “serious college”
  7. Obtained a Ph. D. In philosophy
  8. Wanted to teach at the university
  9. Was denied because he was an atheist
  10. Decided on Journalism
  11. Friedrich Engels
  12. Son of a wealthy German cotton manufacturer
  13. Learned firsthand of “wage slavery” there
  14. 1884 – The Conditions of the Working Class in England
  15. Contribute knowledge of working conditions and monetary assistance to Marx
  16. 1847 – Marx and Engels joined Communist League
  17. Had deep opinions and wrote a book
  18. January 1848 – Communist Manifesto
  19. About helping the working class
  20. “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES UNITE!” – Closing words
  21. Ideas of the Communist Manifesto
  22. The Bourgeois society would be overthrown by the proletariat, or working class
  23. A classless society would emerge
  24. Lead to a progress in science, technology, and industry and to greater wealth for all.
  25. Defined communists as “the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country.”