COURSE TITLE: Fundamentals of Control Circuitry
DUTY TITLE: Solid State and Digital Electronics
DUTY NUMBER: 2100
TASK # 32: Solid State and Digital Functions
PURPOSE: To Understand the Concept, Control, and Troubleshooting Techniques of the Various Types of Solid State and Digital Devices.
TASKS:
2101 / Identify and explain electronic symbols shown on diagrams and schematics.2102 / Describe and explain the function of diodes.
2103 / Explain the function of Zener diodes.
2104 / Explain the function of transistors.
2105 / Explain the function of power supplies.
2106 / Explain the function of filters.
2107 / Explain the function of half-wave, full wave and three-phase rectifiers.
2108 / Explain the function of thyristors.
2109 / Explain the function of single-phase and three-phase inverters.
2110 / Connect and operate alternating current and direct-current variable speed drives.
2111 / Troubleshoot alternating current and direct current variable speed drives.
NOTE: This task is not on the current Program of Study Task Listing; however this is an important task the students must learn for the Electrical trade. The P.O.S. numbers shown are from a previous task listing.
REVISION: 2016
CC.1.2.11-12.J Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression
CC.1.3.11-12.I Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.
MATH
CC.2.1.HS.F.4 Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.
CC.2.1.HS.F.6 Extend the knowledge of arithmetic operations and apply to complex numbers.
READING IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
CC.3.5.11-12.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms.
CC.3.5.11-12.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text.
WRITING IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
CC.3.6.11-12.E. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
CC.3.6.11-12.F. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation
*ACADEMIC STANDARDS *
READING, WRITING, SPEAKING & LISTENING1.1.11.A Locate various texts, assigned for independent projects before reading.
1.1.11.D Identify strategies that were most effective in learning
1.1.11.E Establish a reading vocabulary by using new words
1.1.11.F Understanding the meaning of, and apply key vocabulary across the various subject areas
1.4.11.D Maintain a written record of activities
1.6.11.A Listen to others, ask questions, and take notes
MATH
2.2.11.A Develop and use computation concepts
2.2.11.B Use estimation for problems that don’t need exact answers
2.2.11.C Constructing and applying mathematical models2.2.11.D Describe and explain errors that may occur in estimates
2.2.11.E Recognize that the degree of precision need in calculating
2.3.11.A Selecting and using the right units and tools to measure precise measurements
2.5.11.A Using appropriate mathematical concepts for multi-step problems
2.5.11.B Use symbols, terminology, mathematical rules, Etc.
2.5.11.C Presenting mathematical procedures and results
SCIENCE3.1.12.A Apply concepts of systems, subsystems feedback and control to solve complex technological problems
3.1.12.B Apply concepts of models as a method predict and understand science and technology
3.1.12.C Assess and apply patterns in science and technology
3.1.12D Analyze scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure
3.1.12.E Evaluate change in nature, physical systems and man-made systems
3.2.12.A Evaluate the nature of scientific and technological knowledge
3.2.12.B Evaluate experimental information for appropriateness
3.2.12.C Apply elements of scientific inquiry to solve multi – step problems
3.2.12.D Analyze the technological design process to solve problems
3.4.12.A Apply concepts about the structure and properties of matter
3.4.12.B Apply energy sources and conversions and their relationship to heat and temperature
3.4.12.C Apply the principles of motion and force
3.8.12.A Synthesize the interactions and constraints of science
3.8.12.B Use of ingenuity and technological resources to solve specific societal needs and improve the quality of life
3.8.12.C Evaluate the consequences and impacts of scientific and technological solutions
ECOLOGY STANDARDS
4.2.10.A Explain that renewable and non-renewable resources supply energy and material.
4.2.10.B Evaluate factors affecting availability of natural resources.
4.2.10.C Analyze the use of renewable and non-renewable resources.
4.2.12.B Analyze factors affecting the availability of renewable and non-renewable resources.
4.3.10.A Describe environmental health issues.
4.3.10.B Explain how multiple variables determine the effects of pollution on environmental health, natural processes and human practices.
4.3.12.C Analyze the need for a healthy environment.
4.8.12.A Explain how technology has influenced the sustainability of natural resources over time.
CAREER & EDUCATION
13.1.11.A Relate careers to individual interest, abilities, and aptitudes
13.2.11.E Demonstrate in the career acquisition process the essential knowledge needed
13.3.11.A Evaluate personal attitudes that support career advancement
ASSESSMENT ANCHORSM11.A.3.1.1 Simplify expressions using the order of operations
M11.A.2.1.3 Use proportional relationships in problem solving settings
M11.A.1.2 Apply any number theory concepts to show relationships between real numbers in problem solving
STUDENT
The student will be able to identify, connect and control the various types of solid state and digital devices used in the electronic field.
TERMINAL PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Given all the electrical tools and materials required, the student will be able to identify, connect and control the various types of solid state and digital devices used in the electronic field.
SAFETY
· Always wear safety glasses when working in the shop.
· Always check with the instructor before turning power on.
· Always use tools in the correct manner.
· Keep work area clean and free of debris.
· Never wire a project without the correct wiring diagram.
· Make sure the tip of the soldering iron/gun is directed towards a safe area.
RELATED INFORMATION
1. Attend lecture by instructor.
2. Obtain handout.
3. Review chapters in textbook.
4. Define vocabulary words.
5. Complete all questions in this packet.
6. Complete all projects in this packet.
7. Complete K-W-L Literacy Assignment by Picking an Article From the
“Electrical Contractor” Magazine Located in the Theory Room. You can pick any article you feel is important to the electrical trade.
EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES
- Safety glasses 11. Small bread board
- Soldering iron/gun 12. 9 Volt battery
- Screw driver 13. Alligator clips
- Solder 14. L.E.D. (light Emitting Diode)
- Wire strippers 15. Small D.C. motor
- Side cutters 16. Full wave bridge rectifier
- Cable rippers 17. #22 gauge wire
- Lineman pliers 18. Power supply
- Needle nose pliers 19. Solder wick
10. Multimeter 20. In line meter
VOCABULARYCC.1.3.11-12.I Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tool
CC.3.5.11-12.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11–12 texts and topics.
· Semi-Conductor:
· Electrolytic:
· Diac:
· Junction Diode:
· Resistor:
· Varistor:
· Diode:
· Potentiometer:
· Light Emitting Diode:
· Farad:
· Thermistor:
· Transistor:
· Zener Diode:
· Limit Switch:
· Voltaic Pile:
· Metal Film Resistor:
· S.C.R.
· Hall Effect Device:
· Carbon Film Resistor:
· Hi-Pot:
· Digital Device:
· Limit Switch:
· Fixed resistor:
· Photosensitive Diode:
· Capacitor:
· Voltage Regulator:
· Primary Cell:
· Valence Electrons:
Unit 2
Semiconductors
Objectives
§ The student will be able to:
– Discuss the atomic structure of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
– Discuss how a P-type material is produced
– Discuss how an N-type material is produced Conductors
§ Conductors are materials with lots of free electrons.
§ The best conductors are metals.
– Examples: silver, copper, aluminum
§ An atom that has only one valence electron makes a great conductor.
Conductors & Insulators
§ Insulators are materials with very few free electrons.
§ Atoms with full valence shells make good insulators.
§ Examples of good insulators:
– Rubber, glass, wood, plastic, paper
Semiconductors
§ Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators.
§ Semiconductor materials have four valence electrons in their outer orbit.
§ Germanium and silicon are the most common semiconductor materials.
§ A substance with four valence electrons must be mixed with an impurity, such as indium or gallium, to make it a semiconductor.
– Process is known as doping
§ When a semiconductor material has a net positive charge, it is called a P-type material.
§ When a semiconductor material has a net negative charge, it is called an N-type material.
§ All solid-state devices are made up of P-type and N-type material.
§ A diode is the simplest solid-state device. It is made by joining a P-type material with an N-type material to form a PN junction.
Summary
§ In this unit, we:
– Discussed the atomic structure of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
– Examined how P-type and N-type semiconductor materials are produced
Unit 4
The Zener Diode
Objectives
§ The student will be able to:
– Explain the difference between a junction diode and a zener diode.
– Discuss common applications of a zener diode.
– Connect a zener diode in a circuit.
A Special Diode
§ A zener diode is designed to be operated with reverse polarity.
§ It is designed to operate safely in the zener region.
§ In the zener region, the voltage drop across the zener diode is constant.
§ Any device connected in parallel with the zener diode will have a constant voltage.
Voltage Drop
§ In a zener circuit, the supply voltage must be greater than the zener voltage.
– The load circuit is connected in parallel with the zener diode.
– Thus the voltage across the load is the same as the voltage of the zener diode.
– A constant 12 volts will remain across the load.
Voltage Regulator
§ A zener diode makes a great voltage regulator.
– Even if current through the load changes, the voltage across the load will remain constant.
– Here is the schematic symbol for a zener diode.
Summary
§ In this unit, we:
– Examined the difference between a junction diode and a zener diode
– Discussed the application of a zener diode as a voltage regulator
– Saw how the diode is connected in a circuit
Unit 5
The Transistor
Objectives
§ The student will be able to:
– Discuss the difference between PNP and NPN Transistors
– Test transistors with an ohmmeter.
– Identify the leads of standard, case-style transistors
– Discuss the operation of a transistor
– Connect a transistor in a circuit
Transistor Construction
§ Transistors are made with three pieces of semiconductor material.
§ Common transistors are either NPN or PNP.
§ An NPN transistor has a positive voltage on its collector and a negative voltage on its emitter. The base is positive.
§ A PNP transistor has a negative voltage on its collector and a positive voltage on its emitter. The base is negative.
Testing a Transistor with an Ohmmeter
§ A transistor being tested with an ohmmeter will appear as back-to-back diodes.
§ If the ohmmeter lead polarity is known, the transistor can be identified as NPN or PNP.
§ An NPN transistor “looks” to an ohmmeter as though its two diodes have their anodes connected.
§ A PNP transistor “looks” to an ohmmeter as though its two diodes have their cathodes connected together.
Transistor Operation
§ A transistor operates as an electric valve.
§ A large current flows from collector to emitter when a small current flows through the base-emitter.
§ Thus, with a transistor, a small current controls a much larger current.
Transistor Applications
§ A transistor can be operated as a digital or an analog device.
§ As a digital device it is a fast-acting switch. Current either flows or it does not. There are only two states: on or off.
§ As an analog device, it uses a small voltage to control a much larger one. Current can vary from zero to maximum.
§ As an analog device, the transistor amplifies a weak incoming signal.
Transistor Case Styles
§ Transistor case styles are identified with a “TO” marking, meaning “transistor outline.”
§ Various transistor packages are shown in the figures in the following slide.
Summary
§ In this unit, we:
– Discussed the differences between NPN and PNP transistors
– How to test a transistor with an ohmmeter
– How to identify transistor lead configurations
– Saw how a transistor operates as a digital or analog device
– Examined how a transistor is connected in a circuit
Unit 7
The SCR
Objectives
§ The student will be able to:
– Discuss the operation of an SCR in a DC circuit
– Discuss the operation of an SCR in an AC circuit
– Draw the schematic symbol for an SCR
– Discuss phase shifting
– Test an SCR with an ohmmeter
– Connect an SCR in a circuit
The Multi-Layered SCR
§ A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) is made up of four layers of semiconductor material.
§ The schematic symbol for an SCR is similar to that for a diode, with the addition of gate lead.
The SCR as a Controlling Device
§ The SCR is a digital on-off device that is often used to control large amounts of power.
§ When off, the SCR drops the full supply voltage but conducts no current. Therefore, its power dissipation is zero.