Chapter 22

Plant Diversity

Key Concepts:

  • What is a plant?
  • What do plants need to survive?
  • How did the first plants evolve?

Vocabulary

  • Gametophyte
  • Sporophyte
  1. Section 22-1 Introduction to plants
  2. What is a plant?
  3. They are
  4. multicellular
  5. eukaryotes
  6. that have cell walls make of cellulose
  7. they develop from multicellular embryos
  8. carry out photosynthesis using green pigments
  9. chlorophyll α
  10. and b
  1. The plant Life cycle
  2. Is characterized by alternation of generations
  3. one sexual
  4. gametophyte-
  5. gamete-producing- haploid- plant
  6. one asexual
  7. sporophyte-
  8. spore producing plant
  9. What plants need to Survive
  10. Lives of plant revolve around the need for
  11. sunlight
  12. carryout photosynthesis
  13. leaves are typically broad and flat
  14. water and minerals
  15. all cells require a constant supply of water
  16. water is need for photosynthesis
  17. gas exchange
  18. require oxygen to support respiration
  19. require carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis
  20. movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
  21. Use roots
  22. Specialized tissue- Vascular Tissue
  23. Xylem
  24. phloem
  25. Early Plants
  26. Origins believed to be in water
  27. first plants evolved from an organism much like multicellular green algae
  28. Overview of the Plant Kingdom
  29. Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on three features
  30. water-conducting tissue Vascular
  31. seeds
  32. flowers
  33. Pie chart pg. 555

Key concepts:

  • What adaptations of bryophytes enable them to live on land?
  • What are the three groups of bryophytes?
  • How do bryophytes reproduce?

Vocabulary:

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22 Plant Diversity

  • Bryophyte
  • Rhizoid
  • Gemma
  • Protonema
  • Anteridium
  • Archegonium

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22 Plant Diversity

  1. Section 22-2 Bryophytes Non- Vascular
  2. Bryophytes –
  3. have live cycles that depend on water for reproduction.
  4. Lack vascular tissue
  5. Draw up water by osmosis on a few centimeters, so they are short
  6. Groups of Bryophytes- low growing plants
  7. Mosses- phylum Bryophyta
  8. most common
  9. grow abundantly in area of water
  10. lack vascular tissue
  11. do not have roots
  12. have rhizoids
  13. Liverworts- look like leaves growing on the ground
  14. Hornworts-look like a tiny green horn
  15. Live cycle of Bryophytes
  16. The gametophyte is the dominant stage
  17. The stage the carries out photosynthesis
  18. Dependence on water-water carries the gamete and therefore bryophytes are dependent on water
  19. Live cycle of moss pg. 558
  20. Human Uses of Mosses
  21. Sphagnum- absorbs many times its own weight
  22. Peat moss- used in gardening to help retain water for other plants

Key concepts:

  • How is vascular tissue important to ferns and their relatives?
  • What are the characteristics of the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?
  • What are the stages in the life cycle of ferns?

Vocabulary:

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22 Plant Diversity

  • Vascular tissue
  • Tracheid
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Lignin
  • Root
  • Vein
  • Leaf
  • Stem
  • Rhizome
  • Frond
  • Sporangium
  • Sorus

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22 Plant Diversity

  1. Section 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants
  2. Vascular tissue-tissue that conducts the transport of water and nutrients
  3. Evolution of Vascular Tissue
  4. Tracheids- cells that are in the tissue
  5. Xylem- tissue that carries water
  6. Phloem- tissue the transports nutrients
  7. Can produce Lignin- substance that makes the cell wall rigid
  1. Ferns and Their Relatives
  2. Seedless vascular plants include
  3. club mosses,
  4. today are huge bed of coal
  5. small plants that live in moist woodlands
  6. called a ground pine pg 561
  7. horsetails,
  8. has leaves that are arranged in whorls at joints
  9. contains abrasive silica
  10. ferns
  11. more than 11,000 species
  12. has underground steams called rhizomes
  13. large leaves called fronds
  14. Life Cycle of Ferns
  15. Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage.
  16. reproduction is dependent on a thin film of water

Key Concepts:

  • What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing in water?
  • What are the four groups of gymnosperms?

Vocabulary:

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22 Plant Diversity

  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm
  • Cone
  • Flower
  • Pollen grain
  • Pollination
  • Seed
  • Embryo
  • Seed coat

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22 Plant Diversity

  1. Section 22-4 Seed Plants-Vascular
  2. Two main groups
  3. Gymnosperms-
  4. the seeds are directly on the surface of the cone or naked seeds
  5. include conifers- pines and spruces
  6. Angiosperms-
  7. their seeds are within a layer of tissue
  8. grasses, flowering trees, and shrubs
  1. Reproduction free from water
  2. Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include
  3. flowers or cones,
  4. the gametophytes grow to mature in a cone in gymnosperms
  5. the gametophytes mature in a flower in angiosperms
  6. the transfer of sperm by pollination
  7. the male gametophyte is contained in the pollen grain.
  8. the pollen is carried by wind, insects, birds, or small animals or even your car.
  9. the transfer of pollen is called pollination
  10. the protection of the embryos in seeds.
  11. the seed
  12. is the embryo of a plant
  13. encased in a protective coating
  14. with a food supply
  15. Evolution of Seed Plants-evolved from mosses and ferns
  16. Gymnosperms –Cone Bearers
  1. Gymnosperms include
  2. gnetophytes, -
  3. have reproductive scales clustered in cones
  4. pg 566
  5. cycads,
  6. palmlike plants
  7. reproduce with large cones
  8. ginkgoes,
  9. only one species, Ginkgo Biloba
  10. are tough and resistant to air pollution
  11. conifers
  12. most common gymnosperms
  13. phylum coniferophyta
  1. Ecology of conifers
  2. Grow in dry conditions
  3. Most are evergreens
  4. Have needles

Key Concepts:

  • What are the characteristics of angiosperms?
  • What are monocots and dicots?
  • What are the three categories of plant life spans?

Vocabulary:

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22 Plant Diversity

  • Fruit
  • Monocot
  • Dicot
  • Cotyledon
  • Annual
  • Biennial
  • Perennial

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22 Plant Diversity

  1. Section 22-5 Angiosperms-Flowering Plants
  2. Flowers and Fruits
  3. Have reproductive organs known as flowers.
  4. Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds
  5. Angiosperms means enclosed seed
  6. After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit which protects the seed
  7. Diversity of Angiosperms
  8. Can be categorized by
  9. monocots and dicots
  10. woody and herbaceous
  11. annuals, biennials, and perennials
  12. the categories can overlap
  1. Monocots and Dicots
  2. named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo
  3. monocots- have one seed leaf
  4. dictos- have two seed leaves
  5. they have other characteristics Table 22-25

Monocots / Dicots
  1. Woody and Herbaceous Plants
  2. woody plants
  3. are made of thick cell walls the support the plant
  4. include trees, shrubs, and vines
  5. Hervaceous Plants
  6. Are smooth and nonwoody
  7. Examples: dandelions, zinnias, pentunias, and sunflowers.
  1. Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
  2. annuals-once a year and die
  3. Biennials- life cycle last for two years on the second year they flower
  4. Perennials-live for more than two years

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