ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – SENIOR STUDY

Junior

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What do you call the measurement around the horse’s body just back of the withers

A: Girth (Heartgirth)

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: Where is the gaskin located?

A: Below the stifle

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: On a horse, what do you call the distinct space between the jawbone & neck?

A: Throatlatch

(Junior) HIH505-5

Q: What bone is located between the cannon bone & the short pastern?

A: Long pastern

(Junior) HIH505-5

Q: What bone is located at the lowest point in the hoof?

A: Coffin bone

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What is the name of the joint above the pastern?

A: Fetlock

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What is the cannon?

A: The lower leg bone below the knee and hock & above the fetlock

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: Where is the croup?

A: The part of the back just in front of the tail

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: The top of a horse’s head just back of the ears is called what?

A: Poll

(Junior) HS4/TH126

Q: A third eyelid or membrane in front of the eye which removes foreign bodies from the eye is called what?

A: Haw (nicitating membrane)

(Junior) TH128/CAHA4

Q: What is an ergot?

A: A horny growth behind the fetlock joint

(Junior) CAHA4/TH128

Q: The horny growths on the insides of horses’ legs are called what?

A: Chestnuts or night eyes

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: Where is the pastern found?

A: Between the coronet band & the fetlock

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: Where is the coronet band located?

A: It’s the hairline above the hoof

(Junior) TH142/CAHA1

Q: Where is the crest?

A: Area located under the mane; top line of the neck

(Junior) hidden HS 4/TH126

Q: In connection with the eye, what does the term “haw” mean?

A: A third eyelid or membrane that removes foreign bodies from the eye (nicitating membrane)

(Junior) TH152/HH10

Q: What part of the horse needs to be deep & fairly thick with good V-muscling?

A: Chest

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What is another term for the trunk area of the horse?

A: Barrel

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What do you call the area at the end of the head, which includes the lips & nostrils?

A: Muzzle

(Junior) TH142/HH8

Q: Where is the horse known for being ticklish?

A: Flank

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What is located between the back & the croup?

A: The loin

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What joint is located between the hock & the hip?

A: The stifle

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What is located between the forehead & muzzle?

A: Face

(junior) HIH220-3

Q: What joint is located between the shoulder & knee?

A: Elbow

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: What joint is located between the elbow & fetlock?

A: Knee

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: The part of the horse between the withers & loin is called what?

A: Back

(Junior) TH129

Q: What is the purpose of the long feeler hairs around the muzzle?

A: Help the horse make contact with his surroundings, esp. in the dark

(Junior) HIH220-6

Q: What part of the horse is important in keeping the saddle in place?

A: Withers

(Junior) HIH505-1

Q: What part of the foot is between the wall & frog?

A: Sole

(Junior) HIH525-1

Q: What is the name for the soft, spongy part of the horse’s foot?

A: Frog

(Junior) HIH505-1

Q: What do you call the part of the foot that’s around the outside of the hoof?

A: Wall

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: The elbow, knee & fetlock are all joints on which leg?

A: Front

(Junior) HIH220-3

Q: The stifle, hock & fetlock are all joints on which leg?

A: Rear

(Junior) TH693

Q: What part of the foot separates the wall & the sole?

A: White line

(Junior) HIH220-6

Q: What joint is located between the fetlock & stifle?

A: Hock

(junior) TH82

Q: What color is the normal eye of the horse?

A: Brown

(junior) CAHA1/HIH220-3

Q: What part of the horse lies between the knee & fetlock?

A: Cannon

(junior) CAHA1

Q: What is the term for the base of a horse’s tail?

A: Dock

SENIOR

Easy

(Easy) CAHA1/TH142

Q: What part of the horse is located directly above the stifle?

A: Thigh

(Easy) HH8/TH142

Q: What is the part of the horse located between the rump & the quarter?

A: Buttocks

(Easy) HIH230-6

Q: How many pasterns does a horse have & what is the best angle?

A: Four pasterns 45 - 50 degree angle is best

(Easy) ABC4/TH98

Q: The muscles that control leg movement terminate where?

A: At the knees & hocks

(Easy) HIH220-3

Q: What is located between the elbow & the knee?

A: The forearm

(Easy) HIH220-6

Q: What is the term for the area between the last rib & the croup?

A: Coupling or loin

(Easy) HIH220-3

Q: What is another name for the fetlock joint?

A: Ankle

(Easy) HIH220-6

Q: Why should the pastern have adequate slope?

A: If it’s too straight, it doesn’t cushion the shock of the foot striking the ground and can lead to injury as well as a rough ride

(Easy) TH154/HH8

Q: Give 2 names for the area of the horse between the loin & the buttock

A: Croup, rump

(Easy) HH49

Q: What part of the foot is located between the plantar cushion & the insensitive frog?

A: Sensitive frog

(Easy) TH98

Q: Why is it difficult for cuts, bruises, etc. to heal below the knees or hocks?

A: There are no muscles below knees & hocks, therefore the blood supply is limited

(easy) HIH830-1

Q: What is the main purpose of the red blood cells?

A: To transport oxygen to the tissues & organs

(Easy) HIH830-1

Q: What is the easiest way to determine if the cardiovascular system is working?

A: Heart rate

(Easy) HIH1100-8/CAHA48

Q: The bit rests on what part of the horse’s mouth?

A: Bars or interdental space

(Easy) HIH220-3

Q: What is the name of the muscular part of the hind leg above the hock?

A: Gaskin

(Easy) HIH220-3

Q: What do you call the curved covering of horn over the foot?

A: Hoof

(Easy) TH696

Q: What is the purpose of the deep flexor tendon?

A: Flexes the hoof for each step

(Easy) TH696

Q: What is the purpose of the extensor tendon?

A: Causes the extension of the hoof for each step

(Easy) HIH220-6

Q: What is the ideal slope of the shoulder

A: 45 –50 degrees

(easy) TH151/HIH220-3

Q: What is the name for the part of the horse located at the junction of the neck & back?

A: Withers

(Easy) TH 90

Q: How many bones are in the horse’s body?

A: 205

(easy) FCH120/CAHA1

Q: What part of the horse lies between the withers and the point of the shoulder?

A: Shoulder (also accept thorax, scapula)

(easy) TH98

Q: Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints?

A: Hind

(easy) CAHA8

Q: How many bones are in the sternum?

A: One

(easy) Ref CAHA68

Q: Where is the urine stored in the horse?

A: Bladder

(easy) Ref CAHA63

Q: Where does formation of red blood cells occur?

A; Bone marrow

(easy) TH121

Q: Who has better hearing – you or your horse?

A: Horse

(easy) CAHA45

Q: What part of the eyeball allows light to pass through to the lens?

A: Cornea

(easy) TH322

Q: How many teats does a mare have?

A: 2

(easy) TH129

Q: Name 2 areas of hair on the horse that do not shed

A: Mane, tail, eyelashes, tactile hairs on muzzle

Medium

(Medium) HIH220-6

Q: What is the first reason for proper shoulder & pastern angles?

A: Shock absorption

(medium) HIH220-6

Q: Name the 4 parts of the top line

A: Withers, Back, loin (coupling), croup

(medium) TH89

Q: What is the name of the science that studies the structure of the animal & the relationship of its parts?

A: Anatomy

(medium) HIH425-1,535-2/CAHA24

Q: Two grooves separate the sole from the frog. These lines are called what?

A: Collateral grooves or commissures (sulci)

(Medium) TH145/ABC3

Q: The spring-like action which absorbs concussion during movement is called what?

A: Shock absorption

(Medium) HIH230-2

Q: What is another name for the shoulder blade of a horse?

A: Scapula 2

(Medium) HIH810-1

Q: What is another name for the windpipe?

A: Trachea

(Medium) CAHA77

Q: Where is the pituitary gland located?

A: At the base of the brain

(medium) HIH810-1

Q: What 2 gases are exchanged in the alveolar area of the lungs?

A: Oxygen & carbon dioxide

(medium) HIH810-1

Q: On exhalation, what is the main gas that’s exhaled?

A: Carbon dioxide

(Medium) HIH810-1

Q: If the horse increases its’ movement, does the minute go up or down?

A: Increases (goes up)

(Medium) HIH830-1

Q: What is the largest muscular organ of the cardiovascular system?

A: Heart

(medium) HIH830-2

Q: What could cause the heart rate to increase?

A: Increased activity (exercise), anxiety or stress

(medium) HIH840-1

Q: What is the largest tissue mass in a horse’s body?

A: Muscles

(Medium) HIH505-5

Q: How does blood flow get into the hoof?

A: Heart pumps blood through arteries ton the hoof

(Medium) TH146

Q: Steep shoulders are usually associated with what type pasterns?

A: Short & steep

(Medium) TH 89

Q: The sciences that study the relationship of form to function are called what?

A: Anatomy & physiology

(Medium) TH96

Q: What term refers to the upper surface of the vertebrae?

A: Spinous process

(Medium) TH98

Q: Which bone in the horse is similar to the human kneecap?

A: Patella of the stifle joint

(medium) TH98

Q: Which joint of the horse is similar to the human heel?

A: Hock

(medium) TH97

Q: What is the main bone of the forearm called?

A: Radius

(medium) TH97

Q: What is the heaviest & strongest bone in the horse’s body?

A: Femur

(Medium) TH98

Q: Why do injuries to ligaments heal slowly?

A; They have a limited blood supply

(Medium) TH99

Q: Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A: Voluntary

(Medium) TH104

Q: What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

A: To oxygenate blood

(medium) TH708

Q: Why can a horse rest standing up?

A: The legs have a locking mechanism

(medium) FCH38

Q: In order to successfully transport oxygen, hemoglobin must combine with what mineral?

A: Iron

(medium) CAHA61

Q: What artery is the main blood supply to the head?

A: Carotid

(medium) CAHA8

Q: How many pairs of ribs does a horse have?

A: 18

(medium) CAHA26

Q: The digital artery supplies blood to what part of the horse?

A: Feet

(medium) TH154

Q: What should be the widest part of the hindquarters?

A: Stifle

(medium) Ref CAHA6

Q: What 2 areas of the horse each contain 40 bones?

A: Front & hind limbs

(medium) Ref CAHA7

Q: Where would one find the coccygeal vertebrae part of the spinal column?

A: Tail

(medium) Ref TH90

Q: What is the proper name for the bony socket that surrounds & protects the eye?

A: Orbital cavity

(medium) Ref TH687

Q: What are the small extensions of bone on each side of the coffin bone called?

A: Wings of coffin bone

(medium) CAHA57

Q: Which artery carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs?

A; Pulmonary

(medium) CAHA23

Q: The blood supply to the foot is furnished by what 2 digital arteries?

A: Medial and lateral

(medium) CAHA4

Q: What are tactile hairs?

A: The coarse, “feeling” hairs that protrude from around the nostrils, lips & eyelids – whiskers (not eyelashes)

(medium) CAHA6, 1

Q: What is the main bone between the stifle & hock?

A: Tibia

(medium) CAHA77

Q: Where is the hypothalamus located?

A: Base of the brain

(medium) TH119

Q: What system provides immediate response to the environment?

A: Nervous

(medium) TH82

Q: What color are a horse’s hooves at birth?

A: Usually white

(medium) CAHA52

Q: What is the final part of the horse’s digestive tract?

A: Rectum

(medium) CAHA41

Q: What is the mandible?

A: Lower jawbone

(medium) CAHA4

Q: Being specific, where are chestnuts located on a horse?

A: Front legs – inside surface above knees

Hind legs – inside surface of legs at bottom of hock

(medium) TH691

Q: What is the largest joint in the horse?

A: Stifle

(medium) CAHA12

Q: What is another name for the distal sesamoid bone?

A: Navicular

(medium) CAHA43

Q: What is the horse’s auricle?

A: External ear

(medium) CAHA7

Q: What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called?

A: Atlas & axis

(medium) TH91

Q: What is the largest bone in the horse’s head?

A: Mandible (lower jaw)

(medium) BEG106-3

Q: What is the name of the bone that’s shaped like a miniature hood?

A: Coffin bone

(medium) HIH810-1

Q: In what units in respiration measured?

A: Breaths per minute (BPM)

(medium) ADV323

Q: What is measured from the chest floor to the top of the withers?

A: Depth of heart or heart girth

(medium) BEG119

Q: To which side of the heart does blood return from the body?

A: Right

Hard

(Hard) HIH230-1/ABC10

Q: The durability of a horse to do work depends on what?

A: On his action / feet & legs

(Hard) HIH230-2

Q: What is the technical name for the hoof?

A: Third phalange

(Hard) HIH230-2

Q: Where are the cervical vertebrae located?

A: In the neck

(Hard) TH98

Q: What are cannon, pastern & foot actions controlled by?

A: Ligaments & tendons

(Hard) HIH230-2-picture

Q: Which vertebra of a horse is the most upright member of the spinal column?

A: 15th

(Hard) TH683

Q: How are the front legs attached to the main skeleton?

A: By muscles (also ligaments)

(Hard) HIH810-1

Q: Why can’t a horse breath through its’ mouth?

A: Blocking action of the soft palate

(Hard) HIH230-2TH96

Q: How many cervical vertebrae does a horse have?

A: Seven

(Hard) ABC 18,19/HIH220

Q: Can you explain where the gaskin muscle is & what it ties into?

A: Gaskin muscle is just above the hock & ties into the thigh

(Hard) HIH1100-8

Q: What is another name given to the chin area of your horse?

A: Curb groove (chin groove)

(Hard) HS6

Q: Where is the horse’s center of gravity located?

A: About the rider’s knee in the mid-section of the horse OR 6 inches behind the elbow

(the point above & behind the elbow in the center of the body – from the side this point is near the outer edge of the 8th rib)

(Hard) HS 7

Q: How can a horse’s center of gravity be altered?

A: By rider shifting his weight or by horse raising, lowering or extending his head

(Hard) HS7

Q: How far behind the center of gravity is the center of motion?

A: 10 inches

(Hard) TH152

Q: What part of the horse’s anatomy is responsible for its forward propulsion ?

A: Hind legs/rear quarters

(Hard) TH145

Q: At rest, what percent more weight do the front legs support than the hind legs?

A: 9 – 10%

(Hard) TH158

Q: Why is there less lameness & unsoundness occurring in the hind feet & legs?