Hind Brain:
- A continuation of spinal cord
- Signals from spinal cord reaches hindbrain first
- Medulla-
- Blood Pressure
- Heart rate
- Breathing
- Reflexes
- Feedback systems
- Reticular Formation
- Net like
- Involved in arousal and attention (of the Brain)
- Cerebellum
- Physical movement
- Coordination
- Dancing
- Musical instruments
- Athletics
- Midbrain
- Above Hindbrain
- Automatic behaviors
- Integrating sensory +simple movement
- Relays info from
- Eyes
- Ears
- Skin
Forebrain
- Deep within the brain
- Under the cortex
- Complex aspects of behavior
- Limbic System-= Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus
- Role in producing emotion motivated behavior
- Rage, fear, sexual response, intense arousal
- Damage = aggressive or self destructive behavior
- Also associated with pleasure pathways
- Drugs Stimulate the limbic system
- Primitive core of emotion
- Thalamus-Switching station for sensory messages
- Vision, hearing, taste, touch
- Relays pain signals- from spinal cord
- Relays signals from eyes
- Relays signals from sensory organs
- Processes info
Damage to Thalamus = loss of senses except smell
- Hypothalamus (under the Thalamus)
- ControlCenter of emotion
- Temperature control, hormone release, sleep, waking
- Regulates thirst, hunger, sex drive
- Connected to Autonomic Nervous System
- Problems with part of the Hypothalamus
- = over eating
- Males = Sex organs degenerate
- & sex drive decreases
- Biological Rhythm= Inner 24 hour clock
- Amygdala:
- Fear
- Emotion
- Sensitivity to others
- PTSD – associations
- Hippocampus
- Formation for Memories
- Damage to Hippocampus
- Problem remembering new events
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Studies suggest Memory ability
- Linked to size of hippocampus
- Small hippocampus = Sever memory problem
- Small hippocampus= depression and PTSD
- Alzheimer’s- causes dementia = degeneration of cognitive abilities (associated with aging)
- Degeneration of cerebral cortex
- Alzheimer’s
- 10% people over 65
- 47% over 85
- Hippocampus= 40% smaller in Alzheimer’s patients
- Cerebral Cortex
Surface of the brain
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Cortex
- Surface area of 1-2 feet
- Folded
- Analyzes info from all senses
- Control of voluntary movement
- Higher order thought
- Ridges are called Gyri
- Valleys are called Sulci (Sulkeye) Make up the division of the brain into 4 sections = Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal Lobes
- Cerebral Cortex (continued)
Sensory Cortex: Located in the Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal
Different regions of Sensory Cortex
- Receive info from different senses
- Visual Cortex = Occipital Lobe
- Auditory Cortex= Temporal Lobe
- Somatic Sensory Cortex= Parietal Lobe
- Info from skin
- Pain
- Touch
- Temperature
- Association Cortex:
- Combines Sensory and Motor Tasks
- Area not involved – in receiving Sensory info or creating movement
- Cognitive tasks- Associating words and images
Pre-Frontal Cortex
- Area controls conscious :
- Control of thoughts and actions
- Allows understanding of Sarcasm + Irony
- Says one thing and means another
Aphasia=
- Difficulty in understanding or producing speech
Language –
- Auditory Cortex = Information on language
- Visual cortex= Written Language
- Motor Cortex= Speech
Broca’s 1861
- Frontal Lobe (Left)
- When damaged – production of speech is damaged
- Grammar
- Pronunciation
- Slow labored speech = damage
Wernicke’s Area:
- Temporal Lobe
- Sensory Info from ears + eyes
- Involved in interpretation of speech + written word
- Problem understanding meaning not production
Agnosia:
- “Can’t perceive meaning”
- Inability to perceive accurately seen objects
- “Mind blindness”
- People can describe & identify object but can not name it.
Facial Agnosia:
Inability to perceive familiar faces
Recognition of faces located underside occipital lobe
Hemispheres= Specialized- independent of each other
Left- Broca’s and Wernicke’s
- Receives info from Right side of body
- Controls movement of Right side of body
Right
- Receives info from Left side of body
- Controls movement of Left side of body
Left Hemisphere / Right Hemisphere
Movement Right Side
Right hand dominance
Language
Speaking
Writing
Mathematical Calculation
Reading
Deriving meaning from complex sentences
Logic
Frontal Lobe-
Complex abstract abilities
Judging Right from wrong
Solving problems
Manipulate words
Know words in songs
Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Looking at all the pieces first then putting them together as a whole.
Zoom Lens
Local / Movement Left Side of Brain
Spatial Relationships
Artistic Activities
Music
Face Recognition
Recognizing faces
Solving Spatial relationship problems
Symbolic reasoning
Pathos- ability for pity or compassion
Humor
Emotional
Keeping track of story structure
Picturing visual descriptions
Know where you are
Know how to get somewhere
Ability to manipulate 3 dimensional objects
Not words
Looking at big picture first then focus on minor details
Imagination
Insight
Fantasy
Wide angle lens
Global perspective
THE CEREBRUM:
Frontal Lobe
- Higher mental abilities
- Personality
- Emotional area
- Reasoning and Planning
- Behavior
- Abstract thought processes
- Problem solving
- Attention
- Creative thought
- Some emotion
- Intellect
- Reflection
- Judgment
- Initiative
- Inhibition
- Generalized and mass movements
- Some eye movements
- Sense of smell
- Muscle movements
- Skilled movements
- Some motor skills
- Drugs Damage Frontal Lobe
- Voluntary Movement
- Motor Strip
Parietal Lobe
Above Occipital Lobe
Somata Sensory Area
Sensory Strip (both sides of hemisphere)
Somatic Sensations - Bodily sensations
Touch
Temperature
Pressure
Nerves from body parts to the brain end in parietal lobe
Occipital Lobe
Back of brain
Primarily visual processing
Temporal Lobe
Side of Brain
Auditory information goes directly to the Temporal Lobe
Wernicke’s- Left temporal language center, processing language
- Damage = problem in meaning of words