Rev. 5/2007 BSC 1085
Dr. Vince Scialli
ORIENTATION
&
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
LECTURE 1
OVERVIEW & BASIC CONCEPTS
All living things share functions & characteristics
FUNCTIONS SURVIVAL NEEDS
Boundaries Nutrients
Movement CHO
Responsiveness Protein
Digestion Lipids ~ Fats Metabolism Excretion Oxygen
Reproduction & Repair
Development & Growth Water
Aging is NOT a basic function or survival need
Homeostatic Balance Required ~ Changes Cause Imbalance
Anatomy . . . . . . . . . study of structure
Physiology . . . . . . . study of function
Structures are understood by what they do
“UNITY of STRUCTURE & FUNCTION”
Body is a “Spider Web”
ANATOMY
Definition: Study of Internal & External Body Structures
“To Cut Apart” - Greek
See . . . touch . . . feel
Very Specific “Static” Images
Objective & Concrete
PHYSIOLOGY
Definition: How body parts function & sustain life
Involves: Cellular or Molecular Changes
Chemistry & Physics
Less Specific ~ must interpret, think & assess
Applied Learning ~ Clinical Application
Not Visible . . . but measurable
Anatomical changes usually result in physiologic changes
Physiologic changes may result in anatomical changes
Types of Anatomy ~ Read In Text
Gross Anatomy ~ Macroscopic Anatomy
Visible to naked eye . . . involves Large body parts
EG: Heart Lungs Kidneys Other Organs
Superficial Anatomy ~ Surface or just beneath skin
Regional Anatomy ~ all structures in a body area
Systemic Anatomy ~ Specific “Organ Systems” - 11
EG: Cardiovascular System
Nervous System
Microscopic Anatomy ~ Cannot see with naked eye
Must use microscope
Cytology ~ Study of “individual” body cells
Histology ~ Study of body tissues & many body cells
Types of Physiology ~ Not Covered in Lecture . . . Read in Text
Cell Physiology
Function of cells at chemical & molecular level
Intra-cellular - Chemical processes within cells
Inter-cellular - Chemical processes between cells
Extra-cellular or Interstitial
Systemic Physiology
Functioning of specific organ systems
Renal Physiology . . . Reproductive Physiology
Neurophysiology . . . Cardiovascular Physiology
Pathological Physiology
Study of functions of diseased organs & systems
STRUCTURAL LEVELS ORGANIZATION ~ Complexity
1. Chemical
Atoms & molecules ~ Smallest units of structure
EG: C H+ O-- N K+ Na+ Ca++
Water . . . most voluminous . . . 70% of body wt.
CHO, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Energy
2. Cellular
Smallest unit of living things ~ Specialized function
Billions of body cells . . . Hundreds of cell types
Learn 30 different cell types in Lab
“Organelles” Structural & functional components
3. Tissue Four Types in Body
Epithelial Tissue . . . covers body surfaces
Nervous Tissue . . . electric impulses
Muscle Tissue . . . provides movement
Connective Tissue . . . support & protects
Bones Tendons Cartilage Ligaments
Blood Lymph Adipose
4. Organ
Composed of at least two types of tissue
Perform specific simple or complex functions
EG: Stomach Heart Bladder
Liver Brain Lungs
Kidney Intestines Eye
5. Organ System
Composed of at least two types of organs
Inter-dependent ~ inter-connected
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS
BSC 1085 BSC 1086
Integument Endocrine
Skeletal Cardiovascular
Muscular Respiratory
Nervous Digestive
Urinary
Lymphatic / Immune
6. Organism Level ~ The Body
Sum total of all structural levels working together in homeostatic balance . . . to sustain life
HOMEOSTASIS
&
LANGUAGE
OF
ANATOMY
LECTURE 2
HOMEOSTASIS
Everything in body works to achieve & maintain HOMEOSTASIS
Body maintains stable internal environment in changing external environment
Internal equilibrium kept with-in very narrow limits
EG: Body Temperature ~ 98.6o F or 37o C
Blood Pressure ~ 120/80
Heart Rate ~ 72 beats/minute
Balance is Vital for survival
All organ systems involved ~ Total inter-dependence
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Something is out of balance . . . “out of wack”
Results in disease or dysfunction
Caused by: Normal Aging Sickness
Inflammation Injury/Trauma
Tumors/Cancer Birth Defects
Chemical Imbalances
How does homeostasis work?
Mechanisms of Homeostatic Regulation
1. Intrinsic Regulation ~ Auto-regulation
Cells, tissue, organs, & systems adjust automatically in response to environment change
NO External stimulus from other
EG: Food present in stomach mechanically
stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes
2. Extrinsic Regulation~ controlled from other areas
Nervous System
Controlled by Nerve Impulse ~ electric charge
Effect lasts as long as stimulus is present
Rapid, short term, specific responses
EG: Burn Hand ~ Reflex Response
Endocrine System
Controlled by Hormone Release into blood
Slower Response . . . but longer lasting
Response more generalized & systemic
EG: Oxytocin during birth
Milk Letdown ~ Uterus Contraction
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
“FEEDBACK LOOPS”
1. Receptor ~ “Sensor”
Detects stimuli changes & imbalance signals
Sends signals to Control Center via pathways
2. “Afferent” Sensory Pathways ~ one way only
Carries info to CONTROL CENTER via neurons
3. Control Center ~ Brain & Spinal Cord
Receives signal from receptor via afferent sensory pathways
Analyzes & processes input information
Determines appropriate response ~ COMMAND
Sends command to target or EFFECTOR organ
4. “Efferent” Motor Pathways ~ one way only to organ
Carries command to target organ
5. Effector Organ ~ TARGET ORGAN
Responds to Control Center commands
Initiates: NEGATIVE or POSITIVE “Feed Back”
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MOST homeostatic control mechanisms are NEGATIVE
“SHUT OFF” mechanism – “opposes stimuli”
CYCLIC = “on . . . off . . . on . . . off”
“up . . . down . . . up . . . down”
Controls MINIMAL & SUBTILE Continuous Body Events within normal ranges to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
Examples:
START High Blood Sugar (imbalance) → Insulin Release
Insulin → Cells & Liver to Utilize Sugar
RESULT → Lower Blood Sugar
Other Example of 24/7 normal continuous subtle changes:
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Body Temperature
Breathing Rate ~ CO2
Homeostasis ~ Restores Normal Range
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
“TURN-ON” mechanism
Enhances or exaggerates original stimuli
Change moves in “same” direction ~ until stimuli removed
LINEAR. . . then STOPS
Involves: infrequent but usually RAPID & SUDDEN events
Involves larger, more dynamic changes ~ NOT subtle
Could Be Normal or Abnormal
Examples: Child Birth ~ Oxytocin ~ Normal
Blood Clotting Mechanism ~ Normal
Excessive Body Temperature ~ Harmful
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
“Our Universal Road Map”
We Must Understand Medical Terminology as our:
North . . . South . . . East . . . West
Determined by: Anatomical Position
Body Regions & Sub-Regions
Body Cavities
Directional Terms ~ MOST common
Anatomical Planes ~ Sectional Views
Anatomical Position: Body is erect
Facing forward
Feet together
Arms at sides
Palms forward
BODY REGIONS
Specific Areas of the body ~ fairly precise
Axial Skeleton ~ main axis of body ~ rotates around vertebrae
Head
Neck
Trunk or Torso
Appendicular Skeleton ~ appendages (limbs) & pectoral &
pelvic girdles
Regions by specific anatomical areas ~ more precise
Nasal Region Oral Region
Cervical Region Axillary Region
Brachial Region Carpal Region
Thoracic Region Mammary Region
Abdominal Region Umbilical Region
Pelvic Region Sacral Region
Lumbar Region Inguinal Region
Gluteal Region Femoral Region
Patellar Region Popliteal Region
Tibial Region Tarsal Region
Quadrant Regions
Large General Areas ~ NOT precise
Important for Paramedics & EMT ~ Emergency Rooms
Abdominal & Pelvic Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant ~ RUQ
Left Upper Quadrant ~ LUQ
Right Lower Quadrant ~ RLQ
Left Lower Quadrant ~ LLQ
Internal Organ Location Regions ~ “Very Precise”
Right Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area
Epi-gastric Region ~ above stomach
Left Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal Region
Hypo-gastric (pubic) Region ~ below stomach
Left Inguinal Region
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Road Map
North . . . South . . . East . . . West
“Directional” Terms: MOST COMMONLY USED
Precisely locates body parts relative to one another
Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal)
Anterior (front) Posterior (back)
Ventral (belly) Dorsal (spine)
Medial (middle) Lateral (side)
Proximal (origin) Distal (away from)
Superficial (external) Deep (internal)
Body Planes ~ Sectional Views
3-dimensional views
Body viewed along imaginary “cut” lines
Important in electronic imaging techniques ~ diagnostics
X-Rays … Ultrasound … CT Scans … MRI’s … PET Scan
1. Saggital ~ Median
Vertical Plane ~ top to bottom
Divides body into RIGHT & LEFT half
2. Frontal ~ Coronal
Vertical Plane ~ top to bottom
Divides body into Anterior & Posterior
FRONT BACK
3. Transverse ~ Cross Section ~ “oblique”
Horizontal Plane ~ side to side
Divides body into Superior & Inferior parts
TOP BOTTOM
Body Cavities ~ Large Chambers
Contain many vital organs
Protective ~ Cushioning ~ Isolating
EG: Brain & Spinal Cord
Allow for significant changes in size & shape
EG: Lungs . . . . . . . . . thoracic cavity
Intestines . . . . . . abdominopelvic
Bladder . . . . . . . pelvic cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity ~ smaller ~ along back
Cranial Cavity ~ Brain
Spinal Cavity ~ Spinal Cord
Ventral Body Cavity ~ much larger ~ front
Thoracic Cavity: Pleural Cavity(s) ~ lungs
Mediastinum (not a cavity)
Pericardial Cavity ~ heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Body Cavity Serous Membranes
Membrane Barriers ~ line body cavities
Organs covered by moist serous membranes
“Viscera” ~ organs contained in body cavities
Cover surfaces of viscera & external organ surfaces
Secrete protective watery substance coating viscera
“Serous Fluid” ~ transudate
Permits expansion . . . protection . . . lubrication
Prevents rubbing friction between organs
Prevents organs from sticking to one another
Reference Material
This material will not be covered in lecture but represents information that you should review and understand. It is intended to be supplemental to the lecture notes & your text reading.
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
1. Maintain Boundaries – “Organization”
External Boundaries ~ Integumentary System – skin
Internal Environment
Kept with-in tolerable limits
Impermeable Membranes
Permeable Membranes – selective
2. Movement and Manipulation
External Movement ~ move from place to place ~ locomotion
EG: Musculo-skeletal system ~ Muscles & Bones
Internal Movement ~ Propulsion of materials within body
EG: Peristalsis – food, waste
Heart as a pump - blood
Muscle Contractility
3. Responsiveness – Irritability
Ability to sense change . . . from stimuli & ability to respond to stimuli
Don’t have to think about it ~ reflex reaction
EG: Burn or cut hand à Reflex Response
CO2 buildup in blood à Rapid Breathing
Hair Growth
Controlled by Nervous System
4. Digestion ~ Process of breaking down ingested food → simple molecules that can
be absorbed into blood
EG: Digestive System
Cardiovascular System
5. Metabolism ~ Chemical reactions in body cells
Absorbtion of nutrients
“Catabolism” – Breaking down
“Anabolism” – Synthesizing or building up
“Cellular Metabolism” ~ cellular respiration
Using nutrients and O2 to produce ATP
“energy molecules that fuel cell activity”
EG: Digestive System
Respiratory System – O2
Cardiovascular System
Endocrine System
6. Excretion ~ Eliminate Harmful & Useless Waste
EG: Digestive System – indigestible materials
Urinary System – Nitrogenous Waste
Respiratory System – CO2
7. Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction – cell divides for Growth and Repair
Procreation – new offspring
Reproductive System
Endocrine System – hormones
Growth & Differentiation
Increase size & development of body parts or organism
Increase number of cells
Differentiation: sex organs
EG: Endocrine System ~ hormones
SURVIVAL NEEDS
1. Nutrients ~ Ingested in diet
EG: Digestive System
Carbohydrates – energy source
Proteins – building Blocks
Fats – insulation & protection
supplemental energy source
Vitamins – enzymes for chemical Rx
2. Oxygen
All cells require O2 to survive
Air is 20% O2
EG: Respiratory System ~ exchange
Cardiovascular System ~ transport
3. Water ~ 60 to 80% of body wt.
Primarily Ingested
Lost by evaporation from lungs & skin
Excreted in feces & urine
4. Body Temperature ~ 37 degrees Centigrade is normal - sensitive
Below 37 degrees – metabolism slows
Above 37 degrees – metabolism increases
5. Atmospheric Pressure ~ Pressure exerted by air on surface of body
Correct “AP” required for respiration and oxygenation of blood
EG: High Altitude ~ “milk container”
TERMINOLOGY FOR STUDYING ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Observation – “see”
Manipulation – “move”
Palpation – “feel”
Ascultation – “hear with stethoscope”
Percussion – “Tapping”
Microscope
Asking Questions
Listening
Temperature
Blood Chemistries
Fluid Analysis
Specialized Equipment – 3 “D” Views
Radiographs ~ X rays
MRI ~ magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasound ~ sound waves
CT Scans ~ computerized tomography
Body Cavity Serous Membranes
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavity ~ contains lungs
Visceral Pleura ~ serous membrane
Covers outer surface of lung
Parietal Pleura ~ serous membrane
Covers inner thoracic wall
Pericardial Cavity ~ surrounds heart
Visceral Pericardium ~ serous membrane
Covers heart
Parietal Pericardium ~ serous membrane
Covers opposite surface of pericardium
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity ~ superior
Peritoneal Cavity ~ houses liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, parts of large intestine.
Parietal Peritoneum ~ serous membrane
Lines inner surface of body wall
Visceral Peritoneum ~ serous membrane
Covers enclosed organs
Retroperitoneal ~ outside Peritoneal Cavity
Between peritoneal lining & muscular wall of abdominal cavity. Kidneys are retro-peritoneal
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic Cavity ~ inferior
Contains part of large intestine, bladder, some reproductive organs
Organs covered by peritoneum
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology – Colored Lecture 8/15/2007 25