NOTES: Immune Responses (UNIT 10 part 4)

• PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:

(first exposure)

 during this response, antibodies are produced for several weeks

 antibodies first show up within

as a result, some B cells will remain dormant as

• SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:

rapidresponse due to memory cells produced during the first exposure

 antibodies produced within

CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY

1) ACTIVE IMMUNITY

● a result of

● when the person produces an immune response (including memory cells) to the antigen

● (due to memory cells)

NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: person is directly exposed to the pathogen, develops a disease, survives, and therefore, acquires immunity

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY:

**A VACCINE consists of bacteria or viruses that have been ______so they a cannot cause a serious infection; or could include a toxoid or toxin that has been chemically altered to destroy its toxic effects

-includes antigens that stimulate a but does not produce the severe symptoms of disease

2) PASSIVE IMMUNITY

● person ______produced by another individual

● since the person does not produce the immune response themselves, this is short-term only (as long as the antibodies remain in the blood)

● the person remains vulnerable to the antigen if exposed at a later date ______

NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: ______through placenta and/or breast milk (including colostrum)

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: person receives an injection of antiserum (antibodies) collected from a person who has already developed immunity against a particular disease

TRANSPLANTATION and TISSUE REJECTION

ORGAN TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a transplant recipient’s immune system reacts against the donated tissue/organ

● immune system ______

● organ needed but isn’t “self”

BONE MARROW STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION and “SELF” TISSUE REJECTION

● TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a bone marrow stem cell recipient’s new immune system reacts against all “self” body cells

immune system functioning normally

Donated stem cells have given recipient the donor’s immune system

Process:

•Only go through transplant if absolutely necessary.

•Donor will have bone marrow stem cells removed

•Recipient will have their bone marrow cells destroyed by radiation

•Recipient will receive donated cells through an IV

•Stem cells will “seed” into bone marrow

● to minimize tissue rejection:

1.

(“self” marker present on all of the cells)

2. (help with transplant acceptance, but may increase the recipient’s risk of infection)

ALLERGIC REACTIONS (abnormal immune response)

● excessive and misdirected immune responses that may damage tissue

● triggered by antigens known as ___

● The immune system_, such as chocolate or pollen

1) Delayed-reaction allergy: results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals

(e.g. ,)

-activates T-cells; T-cells and macrophages collect in the skin and release chemicals that cause eruptions and inflammation

()

-“delayed” because it takes about 48 hours to develop

2) Immediate-reaction allergy: an inborn ability to overproduce IgE antibodies

in response to certain antigens/allergens (i.e. , ______, etc.)

•Activates B-cells when 1st encountered & IgE ______

______(remember: mast cells are found throughout the body and play a role in the inflammatory response)

-Occurs within minutes of contact with allergen

subsequent exposure (from 2nd time on) results in mast cells bursting and releasing allergy chemicals such as

histamine causes ______, tissues to swell, contraction of bronchial and intestinal smooth muscles, increased mucus production

 the released chemicals cause allergy symptoms such as: ____, , , eczema, or gastric disturbances

**severe example of immediate-reaction allergy: !

-mast cells throughout the body release histamine

-severe drop in blood pressure (could lose consciousness and possibly die)

-person must receive an injection of ____ (_____) to restore blood pressure

AUTOIMMUNITY / AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS:

●______

● the immune system manufactures autoantibodies (antibodies that )

● may result from a previous viral infection, faulty T-cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen that resembles a self-antigen

Autoimmune Disorder / Immune System malfunction
Lupus erythematous / autoantibodies attack DNA (can affect whole body as result)
Rheumatoid arthritis / autoantibodies attack cartilage of joints
Insulin-dependent diabetes / T-cells cause destruction of insulin producing cells in pancreas
Multiple sclerosis / T-cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons
Grave’s disease / autoantibodies to thyroid stimulating receptor (overproduce thyroid stimulating hormone; involved in metabolism)
Crohn’s Disease / immune system attacks alimentary canal (leading to chronic inflammation)

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE:

•Like autoimmune disorders, ______immune system function

•

•Ex: ______

–Virus invades Helper T-cells, uses them to make more copies of the HIV virus, and then destroys the Helper T-cell

–Newly made Helper T-cell infects other Helper T-cells

–Without Helper T-cells, cannot activate Cytotoxic T-cells or B-cells  no immune system