UNIT 3
PROGRESSIVE ERA
1890-1920
NAME______PERIOD______
Miss Springborn, 8th grade Social Studies2014-2015
PROGRESSIVE ERA VOCABULARY
1.)PROGRESSIVE: person who fought for reform during the Progressive Era
2.)MUCKRAKER: someone who “raked up muck (dirt)” on politicians, industry, and other problems of the cities to expose them to the American public.
3.)MEAT INSPECTION ACT: required government regulation of the meat packing industry
4.)PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT: 1906 – law that required food & drug manufacturers to list all ingredients on their packages
5.)HULL HOUSE: Settlement house that offered services & help to women & the poor; gave educational training, helped find jobs, provided babysitting, etc.
6.)PLESSY V. FERGUSON: 1896 - ruling of the Supreme Court that stated: segregation is legal as long as facilities are “separate but equal”
7.)DIRECT PRIMARY (PRIMARY): party members choose their party’s candidate for office ex. the Democrats vote for their presidential nominee
8.)17TH AMENDMENT: 1913 - Direct Election of Senators; the public votes for their state’s Senators, not state legislatures
9.)RECALL: allowed voters to remove an elected official from office
10.)INITIATIVE: citizens can propose a new law by getting enough people to sign a petition supporting it.
11.)REFERENDUM: gave voters the power to make a bill become a law by voting yes or no on it
12.)16TH AMENDMENT: 1913 -gave the government the right to tax people’s income; more you make, more you’re taxed
13.)SUFFRAGE: the right to vote
14.)19TH AMENDMENT: 1920 - women’s suffrage – women got the right to vote
15.)CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT:strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated antitrust laws could not be used against unions.
As the Civil War ended, increased ______caused American ______to grow. As cities grew new problems arose. ______swung into action in areas such as city government, politics, public schools, and the workplace. African Americans, American Indians, immigrants, and women also called for reforms.
Fill in NOTES on this side: Create a picture(s) of
the main ideas of each section
The Gilded Age:Many people refer to the time period at the end of the 1800’s to the early 1900’s as the ______. This nickname came from ______, a famous author, who said from a distance ______looked golden but when you looked up close it was actually “gilded” (coated with cheap gold paint).
The Progressive Movement:
- Reformers in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s were knows as ______
- They worked to ______such as crime, disease, and poverty
- Many areas were targeted for reform such as health and education, poor living conditions, unsafe working conditions, social unjust, government corruption, child labor, racial discrimination, corrupt monopolies, tenements and more!
- Reformers received help from ______, journalists that helped “______” on the problems in society
The First Progressive Era President:
Theodore Roosevelt (Teddy) - took office after William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901.
Believed in being an active president.
He pushed for the ______, where everyone’s (businessmen, workers, and consumers) rights should be balanced for the public good.
Got involved in several progressive issues including cleaning up the meat-packing industry thanks to Upton Sinclair’s book ______. Because of this he pushes the ______. This regulates the manufacture, sale, and transportation of all food and drugs distributed in the United States.
Also passed was the ______specifically addressing Sinclair’s book.
Roosevelt also gets Congress to regulate ______costs, this helping the small farmers.
He also becomes a big supporter of the ______that worked to protect our natural resources and sets up many sites as protect federal lands. This today is known as our National Parks System, for example the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Niagara Falls, Badlands in South Dakota, Florida Everglades, etc… In total 150 million acres of public land set aside and protected /
CHANGES IN BIG BUSINESS and THE GOVERNMENT
Teddy Roosevelt the Trustbuster
The ______was passed to prevent the formation of trusts and monopolies.
Document 1 and 2:
6a00d8341bf80c53ef0133ecbb5773970b-500wi
In Document #1, what is the Teddy Roosevelt character doing to the man in the picture?
In Document 2, who is Teddy Roosevelt wrestling with?
During this time period Teddy Roosevelt was given the nickname of the “Trustbuster”. According to these cartoons, why was he given this nickname?
Problem: The Tenement Houses and Living Conditions
Fill in NOTES on this side: Create a picture(s) of
the main ideas of each section
Problem: The living conditions in the cities and tenement house were unlivableThis effected the poor, the immigrants, and many children
Fixing the problems in the city:
- There were many causes of the problems in the ______(city) society
- City problems were caused by things like urbanization, growth of the ______, bad working conditions in ______, scandals about political ______, rise of powerful corporations (______), and increase in immigration
- New jobs/profession emerge to help the cities: jobs like city planners and civil engineers
- These new planners will pass zoning laws, building-safety codes, create public ______, create proper waste disposal system (______), create safe ______system, and created street paving and proper ______building projects.
Education Reform:
- Many states start to pass laws requiring children to attend school
- Push towards opening of ______for upper education
- Courses in citizenship, health, and job training were developed
- ______are opened for the first time specifically to help the children of the poor and working class learn basic skills
- John Dewey, an important ______in education, created new models for teaching children that are still used today
- Helped to create the American Medical Association (AMA) to help regulate the education of ______and to spread the new scientific knowledge that was being learned about diseases and treatments
Some of the Muckrackers involved in this problem included:
Jacob Riis- Published the book How the Other Half Lives
Jane Addams- Opened Hull House and helped poor women and immigrants in the city
Lincoln Steffens- Editor of McLure’s magazine and published a book about the shame of the cities pushing for reform of the city governments
Document 3:
Source for both pictures:
Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.
DOCUMENT 4:
Jane Addams wanted to help people who lived in slums like these.
Source: Frances Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University.
Directions: In the right hand column, draw ONE PICTURE and WRITE ONE MAIN IDEA (the most important idea) in each paragraph.
In the 1880’s Jane Addams traveled to Europe. While she was in London, she visited a settlement house called Toynbee Hall. Settlement houses were created to provide community services to ease urban problems such as poverty. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in a neighborhood of slums in Chicago in 1889. Many who lived there were immigrants from countries such as Italy, Russia, Poland, Germany, Ireland, and Greece. For these working poor, Hull House provided a day care center for children of working mothers, a community kitchen, and visiting nurses to treat the sick. Addams and her staff gave classes in English literacy, art, music, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place for clubs and labor unions. Most of the people who worked with Addams in Hull House were well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education and it provided a training ground for careers in social work.Jane Addams, who had become a popular national figure, sought to help others outside Hull House as well. She and other Hull House residents often “lobbied” city and state governments. When they lobbied, they contacted public officials and legislators and urged them to pass certain laws and take other actions to benefit a community. For example, Addams and her friends lobbied for the construction of playgrounds, the setup of kindergartens throughout Chicago, legislation to make factory work safer, child labor laws, and enforcement of anti-drug laws.
Addams believed in an individual’s obligation to help his or her community, but she also thought the government could help make Americans’ lives safer and healthier. In this way, Addams and many other Americans in the 1890’s and 1900’s were part of the Progressive movement. For a while, they even had a political party. When Theodore Roosevelt ran for president for the Progressive Party in 1912, Jane Addams publicly supported him at the party convention.
Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other causes. Until 1920, American women could not vote. Addams joined in the movement for women’s suffrage (women’s right to vote). She was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Addams was also a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
What issue did Jane Addams tackle and why?
Was Jane Addams a muckraker? Why or why not?
Problem: Corruption in Government:
Fill in NOTES on this side: Create a picture(s) of
the main ideas of each section
Corruption in Politics:- Powerful organization called ______influenced city and county politics
- They used both ______ways to get candidates elected to office
- They would ______voters, election officials, get only one candidate listed on the ballot, paid for votes, and even hire the people who counted the votes to make sure it turned out the way they wanted
- Political machines where run by powerful ______
- Bosses traded favors for ______
- Most bosses got support from new ______who needed more help to get by
- One of the most famous political bosses: William Marcy ______of New York City reportedly stole as much as ______from the City Treasury during his time in power
- Even the federal government was corrupt: especially the administration of ______. Many of his officials were arrested in plots to avoid paying taxes and went to jail
How do we solve Political Corruption?
- The nation passes ______
- Civil Service is the term used to describe government jobs… for example: police, fireman, state troopers, IRS workers, and all other government jobs are considered to be Civil Service Jobs
- This was supposed to help put the most ______candidates in the job
- You had to take a test about your test and show certain skills
- People were then ______(highest to lowest) based on their test scores and would get picked for job openings that way
- This was to prevent unqualified and ______officials from getting government jobs
- The law passed in 1883 was called the ______and set up a merit system controlled by the Civil Service Commission. Today it covers almost ______of all government jobs
Due to corruption in the government, Wisconsin governor Robert Lafollette developed ideas to give ______more power. He believed that if ______had more power, ______in the government would go down. The ideas he proposed were ______, so that elected representatives could be removed from office; ______to ensure that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses; ______allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed and ______allows voters to propose a bill to state legislatures.
Some of the Solutions to these problems:
Solving Corruption in Politics:
- Goal was to ______: to help stop the political corruption we start to expand the right to vote and the power of the people
- We create more of a ______where the people vote on who will be the candidates for political office
- The ______is passed in 1913 and allows for the first time Americans the right to vote directly for their______in Congress (remember there are 2 senators from every state)
- Voters also were given the right to call for action on many political issues:
Ex: The governor of Wisconsin recently had a recall vote on his term because many were unhappy with some of his more recent decisions, he won his recall vote and is still in power today
Initiative: this allows voters to ______by getting signatures on a petition
Ex: Many states recently voted on issues in the last election under initiative vote, such as the legalization of medical marijuana and in California many citizens wanted change what information was on food labels to include anything genetically altered
Referendum: allows voters to sign a petition to ______already in place
Ex: Puerto Rico ( a US Territory) recently voted in a referendum to change their relationship with the United States and instead of remaining just a territory to try and work towards becoming our 51st state
Reforming City and State Governments:
- Create a new system of government that runs more like a ______model
- Had a city council that was ______by the people and they choose a manager to help run the city
- Robert Lafollette developed the ______and pushes for changes such as tax reform, direct primaries, and ______to elect their officials
Document 5:
In July 1871, The New York Times ran a series of news stories exposing massive corruption by members of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine in New York City run by William "Boss" Tweed.The Times had obtained evidence that the Tweed Ring had stolen the public's money in the form of inflated payments to government contractors, kickbacks to government officials, extortion, and other illegal activities. The estimated sum stolen was set at $6 million, but is today thought to have been between $30 and $200 million.
Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was one of the most talented cartoonists of the Nineteenth Century. Starting in 1869, he began a series of cartoons in Harper's Weekly magazine attacking the Tammany Hall political machine.Harper’s Weeklyand other newspapers soon joined the New York Times in exposing the scandals. Nast had been assailing the Tweed Ring for years through his creative and powerful images, but intensified his assault in the summer and fall of 1871. Boss Tweed reportedly exclaimed,“I don't care a straw for your newspaper articles; my constituents don’t know how to read, but they can’t help seeing them damned pictures!"
In fact, the Tweed Ring tried to bribe Nast into taking a European vacation, which the artist refused."Tommy, if you will take a trip to Europe for a year, you can have your expenses paid, and a new house will be built ready for your return, without your paying a cent for it."
Source: The New York Times August 19, 1871
Answer the questions based on the reading and the political cartoon.
1)What is the source of the cartoon?
2)What is the caption of the cartoon?
3)What are the people doing?
4)What is the “Tammany Ring” referring to?
5)What is the message of the cartoon?
6)Why did Thomas Nast choose to expose Boss Tweed to the American public?
7)Why was Thomas Nast more successful in exposing Boss Tweed with his cartoons than an author who wrote a book?
Problem: Working Condition in the workplace and Child Labor
Fill in NOTES on this side: Create a picture(s) of
the main ideas of each section
Reforming the Workplace:Child Labor Reform
- Because of extremely low wages in the workplace many families sent there ______to work to help the family get by
- About 1.75 million children ______worked in mines, mills, and factories in 1900
- Reformers helped create the National Child Labor Committee to investigate ______and eventually pass laws
- Federal government will pass laws in 1916 and 1919 but had some trouble keeping those laws intact from court challenges
Safety in the Workplace:
- Many pushed for higher wages and fewer working hours
- Many states will pass ______wage laws and ______working hours
- Tragic Accidents bring attention to workplace safety
- In 1900 alone, ______people were killed by industrial accidents. Another ______were injured on the job
- In 1911, the tragic and shocking fire at the ______in New York City caused anger and outrage
- A fire broke out when over 500 mostly immigrant women and children were preparing to leave for the day
- The exit doors on the ______of the building were locked and over ______died from the fire, some ______to their deaths to escape the smoke and heat
- Because of this shocking case and others like it, reformers called for more workplace safety and greater laws regulating working conditions
- TRUE STORY: MODERN DAY TRAGEDY!! Sadly, cases like this still happened in developing countries today around the world. On November 24th, 2012, 118 workers died at a garment factory in Bangladesh when a fire broke out and workers could not get through the narrow escape exits stairwells fast enough. These workers were also on a higher floor and many jumped to their death as well. Many poorer countries in this region have experience fires and other industrial accidents in recent years just like this. Many countries are years behind the United States in fixing this problem. Cases like this is why all building have fire codes in buildings, well lit and labeled emergency exits, why we practice fire drills, and have emergency systems such as 911 in place today.
The Courts and the Workplace:
- Many businesses sued in ______over these new regulations saying it was not fair and that the government shouldn’t be ______in their business
- Some laws were gotten rid of by the courts: For example in New York State there was law limiting bakers to a 10 hour work day but the Supreme Court ruled that the state ______limit businesses to only a 10 hour work day and workers could ______to work a longer day if they wanted
- Other laws were kept by the courts: For example in the case of Muller vs. Oregon in 1908, the Court ruled that you could limit ______for health and safety reasons
- Many of these issues were decided state by state
- Unions fought for better working conditions
- Workers began to ______together to demand ______working hours, ______wages, and safety on the job
- In 1903, the ______became the first all-women’s union to demand better working conditions for females
- One of the most powerful unions was the ______(AFL) whose leader Samuel Gompers argued for safer working conditions, higher pay, and right of the worker to organize
END OF CHILD LABOR