Circulatory System
Components of Circulatory System
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- ______
- ______
- ______
- Blood
- ______
- ______
- ______
- ______
Overview of Blood Circulation
- Blood leaves the heart via ______that branch repeatedly until they become capillaries
- Oxygen (O2) and nutrients diffuse across ______walls and enter tissues
- ______(CO2) and wastes move from tissues ______the blood
- Oxygen-deficient blood leaves the capillaries and flows in ______to the heart
- This blood flows to the ______where it releases CO2 and picks up O2
- The oxygen-______blood returns to the heart
Composition of Blood
- Blood is the body’s only ______tissue
- It is composed of liquid ______and formed elements
- Formed (______) elements include:
- _____ blood cells (RBCs)
- ______blood cells (WBCs)
- ______
Functions of Blood
- Blood performs a number of functions dealing with:
- Substance distribution
- Regulation of blood levels of particular substances
- Body protection
Distribution
- Blood transports:
- ______from the lungs and ______from the digestive tract
- Metabolic ______from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
- ______to target organs
Regulation
- Blood maintains:
- Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing ______
- Normal _____ in body tissues
- Adequate ______in the circulatory system
Protection
- Blood prevents blood loss by with platelets by forming ______
- Blood prevents infection by:
- Creating and using ______
- Activating ______to defend the body against foreign invaders
Blood Plasma
- Blood plasma contains:
- ______
- Organic nutrients – ______
- Electrolytes – ______, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
- Respiratory gases – ______
Formed (______) Elements
- _____ blood cells, ______blood cells, and platelets make up the formed (solid) elements
- Only ______are complete cells
- RBCs have no ______or ______, and platelets are just cell fragments
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Concave discs, without ______, essentially no organelles
- Filled with ______(Hb), a protein that functions in ______transport
- The life span of a red blood cell is ______days
Red Blood Cell Disorders
- ______– blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
- It is a symptom rather than a disease itself
- Blood oxygen levels are too ______to support normal metabolism
- Signs/symptoms include ______, paleness, shortness of ______, and chills
Leukemia
- Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving ______
- ______becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes (white blood cells)
- The WBCs produced, though numerous, are not ______
- Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming ______
- Treatments include radiation and ______
Platelets
- Platelets are ______of blood cells
- Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug (______) that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Bleeding Disorders
- ______– hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
- Symptoms include prolonged ______and painful and disabled ______
- Treatment is with ______and the injection of missing blood factors
Blood Transfusions
- Whole blood transfusions are used:
- When ______is substantial
- In treating disorders that lead to ______
- Packed red cells (cells with ______removed) are used to treat ______
Human Blood Groups
- RBCs have ______on their external surfaces
- These antigens are:
- ______to the individual
- Recognized as ______if transfused into another individual
- Presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify ______
- Humans have 30 varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens
- The antigens of the ______and Rh (______) blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused
- Other blood groups (M, N, Dufy, Kell, and Lewis) are mainly used for ______
ABO Blood Groups
- The ABO blood groups consist of:
- Two antigens (______) on the surface of the RBCs
- The absence of antigens if ____
- Two antibodies in the plasma (______)
Transfusion Reactions
- Transfusion reactions occur when ______blood is infused
- Donor’s cells are attacked by the recipient’s plasma causing:
- Diminished ______-carrying capacity
- Clumped cells that ______blood flow
- Ruptured RBCs that release free ______into the bloodstream
- May damage the ______while cleaning blood
Heart Anatomy
- Approximately the size of your fist
- Location
- Above ______
- ______of the midline
- “Left” and “Right” sides in
respect to the individual, not the ______
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
- Right atrium valve right ______
- Right ventricle valve pulmonary arteries ______
- Lungs pulmonary ______ left atrium
- Left atrium valve left ______
- Left ventricle valve ______
- Aorta systemic (______) circulation
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
- Heart muscle:
- Is stimulated by ______
- ______as a unit
- Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to
skeletal muscle contraction
Blood Vessels
- Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and ends at the ______
- The three major types of vessels are ______
- Arteries carry blood ______the heart, veins carry blood ______the heart
- Arteries – usually carry oxygen-rich (“______”) blood
- Veins – usually carry oxygen-poor (“______”) blood
- exception – ______arteries and veins
- ______are the smallest blood vessels and only allow one red blood cell to pass at a time
Venous System: Veins
- Veins have much ______blood pressure and thinner walls than arteries
- To return blood to the heart, ______have special adaptations
- ______-diameter, which offer ______resistance to flow
- Valves (resembling heart valves), which prevent ______of blood
Capillary Exchange of Respiratory Gases and Nutrients
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and metabolic wastes diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid along ______
- ______pass from the blood to tissues
- ______pass from tissues to the blood
Circulatory Pathways
- The vascular system has two distinct circulations
- ______circulation – short loop from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
- ______circulation –routes blood through a long loop to parts of the body and back to the heart