Chapter 32: Reptiles and Birds

Chapter 32: Reptiles and Birds

Section 1: Reptiles

What Is A Reptile?

Reptiles are vertebrate animals that have lungs, a scaly skin, and a special type of egg – adaptations that enable them to live their entire life out of water

Reptiles are widely distributed over much of the Earth

The reptiles ______helps prevent loss of body water

The tough, scaly layer of skin does not grow when the rest of the reptile grows, so it must be ______when a reptile increases in size

Reptilian eggs are surrounded by a shell and several membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop

o______

Amniotic eggs also contain a ______

The yolk is rich in nutrients that the developing embryo uses until it is ready to hatch

Reptiles have an efficient ______

To exchange gases with the environment, reptiles have at least one efficient ______

Evolution of Reptiles

Because several fossils show characteristics of both amphibians and reptiles, it is difficult to say exactly when the first true reptiles appeared on Earth

One determining factor that separates living reptiles from amphibians is the ______they produce

Because we cannot tell what kind of eggs these fossil animals laid, they must remain on the amphibian-reptilian borderline

These animals are often called ______

Throughout most of the Carboniferous Period, amphibians greatly outnumbered reptiles

But during the Permian Period, the Earth’s surface and climate changed dramatically

The climate became cooler and less humid

Many of the great swamps dried up

These changes made life difficult for a large number of water-dependent amphibians

But such was not the case with the reptiles

It was during this time that they began their great period of ______

______

One early reptile line developed into a fascinating group pf mammal like reptiles that displayed a mix of reptilian and mammalian characteristics

Although these animals were extremely successful at first, they became extinct in just a few million years

Toward the end of the Triassic Period, about 195 million years ago, the mammal like reptiles were suddenly replaced in the fossil record by another group of reptiles that had remained in the background for millions of years – the ______

During the late Triassic and Jurassic Periods, a great adaptive radiation of the dinosaurs, or “______,” took place

The Triassic Period also saw the appearance of crocodiles and alligators, as well as the first birds

At the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago, something happened to cause a worldwide ______

Within a few million years, dinosaurs and most other animal and plant groups became extinct

Whatever happened at the end of the Cretaceous Period resulted in the death of virtually all the great and terrible lizards

The disappearance of the dinosaurs left open many niches for animals, both on ______and in the ______

Form and Function in Reptiles

Reptiles exhibit numerous variations in structure and behavior

Some – for example, turtle, crocodiles, and lizards – move about on ______

Others move about ______

oSnakes and certain lizards

Feeding

Some are herbivores and others are carnivores

Some have ______to capture prey

Others kill their prey by ______it first

Some reptiles have ______that can catch insects

Respiration

May reptiles are able to expand their chest cavity to inhale and collapse the cavity to force air out

Although most reptiles have two lungs, some species of snakes have only one

You know that it is impossible for a person to breathe and swallow ______

Snakes have a ______in the floor of their mouth through which they breathe, so they don’t suffocate in the time it takes them to swallow their prey

This tube can be extended out of a snake’s mouth while it is dining

Internal Transport

Reptiles have a well-developed ______circulatory system

One of the two loops brings blood to and from the lungs and the other loop brings blood to and from the rest of the body

Have a well-developed ______

Have a well-developed circulatory system

Excretion

Eliminate wastes in the form of ______, which is produced in the ______

Urine flows through tubes directly into a ______similar to that of amphibians

In some reptiles, a ______stores urine before it is expelled

Response

Most reptilian sense organs are well-developed

Have complex eyes that contain ______

Many snakes have a good sense of ______

Some reptiles have simple ears to hear (eardrum, tympanic membrane)

Some reptiles are able to gather heat information from their environment

Movement

The reptilian muscle and skeletal systems exhibit many advances over those of amphibians

Reptiles with legs have larger, stronger limbs whose movements are ______

Snakes, which lost their legs in the course of evolution, move by pressing large ventral ______against the ground

Reproduction

Reptiles lay eggs that hatch into animals that resemble ______

Virtually all reptiles reproduce through ______, which means that a male deposits sperm into the body of the female

From the outside, it is extremely difficult to tell the ______of a reptile

Most reptiles provide ______care for their young

Tuataras

The tuatara is the only surviving member of the order ______

Resembles reptiles that lived during the ______

Tuataras are found only on a few small islands off the coast of ______

They are active at ______

They have a pineal gland that contains cells that are sensitive to light

They use it to detect changes in day length

Lizards and Snakes

Order ______

Most lizards have ______, clawed ______, external ______, and moveable ______

Some have evolved into highly specialized forms

The ______are the only reptiles alive today that provide some idea of what small dinosaurs may have been like

oQuite intelligent and active

oEat birds and mammals

oLargest are the ______

Snakes are lizards that have lost both ______during their evolution

Although being legless may seem to be a disadvantage, snakes are efficient and effective predators in the niches they occupy

The distribution of snakes on Earth is limited only by ______

Snakes vary in ______

The ability of certain types of snakes to produce ______has caused people to fear snakes

oMore people in the US die from ______than snake bites

Crocodilians

Order ______

Alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gavials

Crocodilians are among the largest living reptiles

oCan grow up to ______in length

Live only in the tropics and subtropics, where the climate is ______

______

Alligators and caimans live only in ______and are found in the ______

Crocodiles may live in either ______and are native to ______

Turtles

Order ______

Turtles live in ______

Tortoises live on ______

All have some sort of ______covering their body

The shell consists of two parts: a dorsal part, or ______, and a ventral part, or ______

The animal’s backbone is ______to the inside of the carapace, and its head, legs, and tail stick out through holes where carapace and plastron join

Tortoises usually have a high, domed carapace and stubby, elephant-like legs

Tortoises pull into their shells to protect their more delicate body parts

In some species, the front end of the plastron is hinged and folds up to further seal out predators

Turtles are adapted to ______

______

The legs and feet of many aquatic turtles have developed into ______

Certain aquatic species cannot pull back into their shell completely, but they do have powerful ______that are capable of biting if attacked

How Reptiles Fit into the World

Reptiles are important ______in many ecosystems

______are now in danger of extinction

oTurtle soup and turtle eggs

oUsed to manufacture ______

oDestruction of ______