Chapter 26 Study Guide
People
- Lin Tse-hsu
- Matthew Perry
- Muhammad Ali
- Ismail
- Tewfiq
- Colonel Ahmed Aribi
- General Baring aka Lord Cromer
- Cecil Rhodes
- General Kitchener
- King Leopold
- Henry Stanley
- Pierre de Braaza
- Jules Ferry
- Otto von Bismarck
- Rudyard Kipling
- J.A. Hobson
- Labouchere
- Joseph Conrad
- Lenin
- Winston Churchill
- empress dowager Tzu Hsi
- Sun Yat-sen
Terms
- New Imperialism
- 1st World Nations
- 3rd World Nations
- tramp liners
- Manchu Dynasty
- Opium War
- Treaty of Nanking
- Hong Kong
- Manifest destiny
- Cash Crops
- Egyptian Nationalist Party
- Imperialism
- Cape Colony
- Cape Town
- The Great Trek
- Boers/Afrikaners
- Boer Wars
- Union of South Africa
- The Berlin Conference
- Principle of effective occupation
- Maxim machine gun
- Quinine
- White Man’s Burden
- Hobson’s Imperialism
- Heart of Darkness
- Traditionalist response to imperialism
- Westernizing or modernizing response to imperialism
- the Great Rebellion
- the Indian National Congress
- Shogun
- Samurai
- Meiji Restoration
- Formosa (Taiwan)
- Tai Ping Rebellion
- Sino-Japanese War
- Open Door Policy
- Hundred Days of Reform
- The Boxers/ The Boxer Rebellion
Questions
- Why call the period between 1880 and 1914 New Imperialism? Another way to think of this question: What is Old Imperialism?
- In what broad senses was imperialism good for non-Europeans? In what basic ways was it bad?
- How does one of the graphs in the text prove that industrialization is what gave the west its higher income per capita?
- Know that Britain led the world in international trade during the 19th century and why it had advantages over other European nations. Also, know how the actions of continental Europeans encouraged England to focus its trade more and more outside of Europe
- Know that England opened its own markets primarily so that it could argue effectively that other nations should do the same. Know that the repeal of the Corn Laws plays in here.
- Understand the advances in transportation and communication and new trade routes (for example, Suez and Panama Canals) and the importance of these advances both to trade, migration, and imperialism.
- Know where Europeans invested their money during the 19th century and where they generally didn’t.
- Understand the pattern of exploitation and imperialism was significantly different in sparsely populated areas (Australia, North America) and heavily populated areas (Africa and Asia)
- What was the Chinese reaction to British trade before 1820? How and why were the British suddenly able to change their relationship to China after 1820? What role did Opium play in this whole process? What concessions did the British force from the Chinese?
- What was the initial Japanese reaction to westerners? Why did this eventually become an intolerable situation for westerners in the 19th century? Why did America feel suddenly like a major player in the Pacific?
- What is the general pattern of western interference in China and Japan?
- What are the basic themes of western interference in Egypt? (hint: not the same as China and Japan!)
- What is the basic pre-European history of Egypt? How did Muhammad Ali come to be the ruler of Egypt? What were his basic policies and stance towards the west? How did these policies both help the Eyptian economy but in some ways hurt Egyptians? (there are at least two answers to the last part of this question!) What were Ismail’s policies and how were they good for and yet harmful for Egypt? How did these policies ultimately bring about an Egyptian revolt and British direct rule in Egypt? How did the British justify their rule in Egypt?
- How did the general pattern of Western Imperialism change between the periods 1815-1880 and 1880-1914?
- Know the parts of Africa that were already conquered as a part of Old Imperialism (Cape Colony and coastal cities).
- Know the (very complex) facts of the English-Dutch struggle over South Africa.
- What were the only two parts of Africa to have escaped imperialism by 1900? Understand the basic events that made up the struggle between Muslim inhabitants and the British over the area that is present day Sudan and consists of cities like Khartoum, Ombdurman, and Fashoda. Understand Winston Churchill’s basic reaction to the massacre at Ombdurman
- What parts of Africa were imperialized by the Belgians?
- What events and concerns motivated the French and Germans to call the Berlin Conference? What were the basic principles outlined at the conference?
- How did Bismarck’s original stance towards Imperialism for Germany change?
- Understand the theme that is evident from the decision of the French to abandon Fashoda.
- What areas die the Dutch, French, Russians, and Americans take in Asia?
- What were the basic motivations of the Imperial powers, including: economic, national security, national prestige, Social Darwinism/nationalism, pressure from special interest groups, and the desire of conservative politicians to control public opinion.
- What technological advancements made New Imperialism possible?
- What basic justifications were used by the Imperialists, including the White Man’s Burden?
- How successful were Christian in converting natives?
- What were Hobson’s basic criticisms of Imperialism? Which of these criticisms were basically ignored, and which were actually listened to by the majority of people? What famous socialist would these ideas eventually influence?
- To what purpose did Labouchere rewrite Kipling’s poem?
- Why did Asians and Africans accept imperial rule? (there are several answers to this question!) What was the traditionalist response and what was the westernizing response? Which of these groups ultimately won the most converts?
- Why was Imperialism shaky in the long term, and what social class in particular, could not abide imperialism permanently? Why would this group receive additional encouragement after 1917?
- What factors make the British Imperialism in India and the reactions of the Indians unique? Know: the structure of British rule, British overt racism towards Indians, the reaction of the British to the possibility of Indian judicial sovereignty, the British use of Indian troops to put down other rebellious Indians, the British use of Hindu elites, positive British contributions to India, the unification of Indian provinces, and the reasons the elites became increasingly nationalistic.
- What factors make the Imperialism in Japan and the reaction of the Japanese unique? Know: the traditional structure of Japanese society before Matthew Perry, the facts surrounding the Meiji Restoration and the new leaderships reaction to the complex issue of westernization, liberal reforms of the new Japanese government and the limitations of these reforms, the modernization of the Japanese military, Japanese imperialism of Korea and China and the 1904 war with Russia, growing tension with the U.S., and Japan as a non-European role model.
- What factors make the Imperialism in China and the reaction of the Chinese unique? Include: the reasons China had a resurgence between 1860 and 1894 and the reasons this resurgence came to an end, the reasons China was spared from complete political domination after 1894 and the attempts of the Chinese government to deal with the conflicting pressures of modernization and traditionalism, and finally the revolution that occurred in 1912.