Study Guide # 4
Human Anatomy
Chapter 21: Cardiovascular System: The Heart Exam IV on chapters 21 through 23
1. Describe the 2 circuits of the heart. How do they differ? How does circulation change at birth?
2. Outline the structures of the heart that a RBC would encounter during one circulatory cycle.
3. Name all of the important structures found on the exterior surface of the heart and their roles.
4. What and where are the 4 valves of the heart? What are some disorders of heart valves?
5. Discuss the anatomy of the electrical conduction system of the heart. What and where are the SA and AV nodes? Bundle of His? Bundle branches? Purkinje fibers? Describe the basics of an ElectroCardioGram (ECG) and how it is used clinically.
6. Where is the fibrous skeleton of the heart? Describe the functions of the fibrous skeleton.
Chapter 22 and 23: Blood Vessels and the Lymphatic System
7. Describe blood and list its cells and their general role. What is hematocrit? What is anemia?
8. Histologically and anatomically, describe an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule and a vein.
9. What is arteriolesclerosis and atherosclerosis? What is a thrombus and an embolus? Aneurysm?
10. Compare and contrast the arterial and venous systems. Know the major vessels of these systems.
11. What are the 3 branches of arteries arising from the aortic arch? Outline the areas they supply.
12. Which organs do the major arterial branches from the descending abdominal aorta supply?
13. Describe the major arterial vessels that arise after the end of the aorta, all the way to the feet.
14. The anatomy of the Hepatic Portal System ‘stabilizes’ venous blood; explain this statement.
15. What are the functions of the Lymphatic system? Give a general outline of lymphatic anatomy.
16. What is the role of lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue? What is edema and lymphedema?
Chapter 24: Respiratory System Final Exam on chapters 24 through 27
17. List the structures of the Respiratory system from the nose to alveoli where gases are exchanged.
18. Describe how the nasal cavity is designed to “treat” the inspired air on its way to the alveoli.
19. What are the muscles of Ventilation? Are they different for inspiration and expiration?
20. What are the 3 tonsils and where are they located. What is their role?
21. Describe the cartilaginous arrangement of the larynx. What is the role of the larynx?
22. Explain the term ‘respiratory epithelium’. Where in the respiratory tract does this change?
23. Describe how the bronchi (1o, 2o and 3o) differ from the bronchioles and the alveoli.
24. Discuss the alveoli and the 3 types of cells found there. What is the significance of Surfactant?
Chapter 25: Digestive System
25. List the all the structures of the Digestive System and give a general outline of their function.
26. What are the 4 Histological layers of the GI tract? Describe their specific functions.
27. Name the 3 extrinsic salivary glands, their role and where they are located.
28. Describe the anatomy of the mucosa of the small intestine and how it is specialized.
29. What are the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus? What are their functions?
30. How many layers of muscle are there in the GI tract? How are they arranged and why?
31. Describe the anatomical/functional relationship of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas & duodenum.
Chapter 26 and 27: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
32. Describe the structures of the urinary system. Describe the anatomy and functions of the kidney.
33. Describe the anatomy of a Nephron. How is the blood supply to the nephron special?
34. Outline the structures and general functions of the male and female reproductive systems.
35. Describe the arrangement of the spermatic cord (males) and uterus and ovaries (female).