Chapter 20, Section 4: The Rise of Organized Labor

Main Idea:

A. A New Workplace

  • Changed ______w/ Workers – before the ______, most businesses were ______, family-run; after, ______. This meant less employer/worker ______= no ______.
  • Factory work was often ______(crowded, noisy) & workers were ______
  • ______– workplace where people worked long ____ in poor conditions for low ___

Children at Work

  • ______in Industry – in 1900, __million kids under the age of ____ worked in mills, mines, factories & sweatshops. A typical work week for these kids __ hours per day, __ days per week.
  • Owners hired ______because they worked ______& in some cases they were ______at certain jobs (______hands & fingers)
  • Working kids couldn’t go to ______, so they had little chance for a better life as an ______.

Hazards of Work

  • ______did little to provide ______for their ______(cost _____ & few ______requiring them to do so)
  • Some workers were severely ______or even ______, while many suffered from ______
  • Industrial work was full of ______and ______:
  • ______Mills – lung-damaging ______filled the air
  • ______– cave-ins, gas ______, coal dust (______disease)
  • Steel Mills – spilling vats of ______, ____ died on one year in Pittsburgh steel mills

B. The Rise of Organized Labor

  • Workers found ways to ______(strikes). Some started to ______for ______.

Knights of Labor

  • Knights of Labor (1869) – ______workers only at 1st; meetings were ______because owners would ______workers who ______.
  • Terence ______was president. He opened it up to ______, minorities, ______& unskilled workers to ______membership.
  • He used ______& meetings to win public ______, rather than ______. The Knights main goals were shorter ______, end to ______, equal ______for men & ______. Most importantly, they wanted ______& employers to share ______& ______.

Trouble in Haymarket Square

  • Chicago, 1886: Workers at ______Harvester Co. go on ______& clash w/ strikebreakers (______workers hired by ______) outside the factory. Police ______in crowd, killing ____ workers.
  • Workers rally the next day in ______Square to ______the killings & a ______goes off, killing ____ police officers & others as well. This is now known as the Haymarket ______.
  • 8 ______(people who ______government) are ______& 4 were convicted & ______.
  • ______begins to turn against ______because they are associated w/ ______, violence & ______. Membership in the Knights of Labor ______sharply.

C. American Federation of Labor

  • Replaced Knights of Labor as ______in US.
  • Samuel ______– organized & became 1st ______of AFL.
  • People joined ______(workers in same trade or ______). That trade union would belong to the ______, which was made up of many trade unions.
  • Goals: higher ______, shorter ______, better ______
  • ______– right of ______to ______worker ______as a ______
  • supported ______to achieve these goals
  • collected ______& put some in a ______(workers on strike would get ___ from AFL so they would ______& not have to give in to owner’s demands)
  • Membership swelled from ______in 1886 to ______by 1910.
  • Because they allowed ______workers only to join, many workers could not become members (______, minorities, etc.)

D. Women in the Labor Movement

  • By 1890, over ______women worked in ______. Many women were employed in ______mills, ______factories & the ______(clothing) industry. Union success was more difficult.

Mother Jones Organizes

  • Mary ______organized labor movements across the country & devoted much of her life to the cause of ______. She helped paved way for ______& an end to ______.

Organizing Garment Workers

  • International ______Union (ILGWU) – organized a work ______of over 20,000 workers in 1909, which led to ______& ______. Key member of ______.
  • Many ______, however, did not join ______& worked ______in ______for ______.

Tragedy at Triangle

  • A ______broke out on the upper floors of the ______in NYC in March 1911. As workers tried to ______, many ______prevented them from reaching ______.
  • Many of the ______doors were ______by the ______to keep workers from taking ______.
  • ______became twisted & ______from the fire. They were not properly ______.
  • ______of the fire trucks couldn’t reach the ______(where the fire was), forcing many to ______to their ______
  • Nearly ______people, mostly women, ______in the Triangle Fire. This resulted in public shock & ______, which eventually led to new ______to protect factory workers.

E. Hard Times for Organized Labor

  • As the ______swung wildly back & forth between good times & ______, factory owners would ______& ______workers over & over again. This created ______for workers (no jobs, pay cuts).

Strike!

  • ______became more common in the 1870s. ______workers & ______went on strike during this time, causing railroads to shut down across the country and mines to close.
  • Many Americans did not support strikes if they were ______by it. At times, unions would ______from the ______if strikes happened ______or caused major ______.

Government Sides With Owners

  • The federal ______usually sided with ______. Several ______ended strikes by sending in ______. ______also tended to rule in favor of ______& against ______.
  • The ______(1894) – George Pullman cut the ______of his workers, but did not lower the ______they paid for ______houses. Workers ______as a result.
  • A federal ______ordered Pullman workers to ______& leaders of strike were ______for “violating Sherman ______Act,” which was originally intended to limit the power of ______& ______. The court said, however, that striking workers were ______, and therefore were in ______of the law. This was a ______for organized labor (______).

Slow Progress

  • All of the strikes in the late 1800s caused many Americans to ______unions & they grew more ______. In 1910, only _% of workers belonged to a union (due to only skilled allowed).