CHAPTER 2—VICTIMIZATION AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.According to the lifestyle exposure model, who is most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

a. / elderly white females
b. / elderly white males
c. / elderly black females
d. / young black males
e. / young white males

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:46

OBJ:1

2.Which is TRUE concerning race and crime victims?

a. / most violent crime is interracial
b. / whites are most likely to be victims of violent crime
c. / most victims and offenders are from different social classes
d. / whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers
e. / African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:47

OBJ:1

3.According to the Lifestyle Exposure Model, which of the following does not affect victimization?

a. / exposure
b. / associations
c. / lifestyle
d. / adaptations
e. / self-control

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:46

OBJ:1

4.Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime?

a. / having a higher income
b. / living in a rural area
c. / living in a suburban area
d. / living in a city
e. / being an elderly white female

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:48

OBJ:1

5.Crime in poor areas is

a. / always high
b. / always low
c. / always moderate
d. / always non-existent
e. / we cannot draw any conclusions because others factors are also responsible

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:48

OBJ:1

6.The fraction of violent crimes committed against women by acquaintances and relatives is

a. / one-half
b. / one-tenth
c. / one-third
d. / two-thirds
e. / three-fifths

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:49

OBJ:1

7.The intangible costs of crime (pain, trauma, lost quality of life) are estimated to be

a. / negligible
b. / $100,000
c. / $1 million
d. / $100 million
e. / $450 billion

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:52

OBJ:2

8.Which of the following is TRUE about the fear of crime?

a. / crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime
b. / crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime
c. / crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime
d. / crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime
e. / none of the above

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:53

OBJ:2

9.The fear of crime is greatest in

a. / rural areas
b. / suburban areas
c. / urban areas
d. / the workplace
e. / the home

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:54

OBJ:2

10.The fear of crime is fed by

a. / television
b. / news media
c. / personal communication in social networks
d. / all of the above
e. / none of the above

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:53

OBJ:2

11.Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?

a. / criminal behavior is rational
b. / people who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits
c. / fear of punishment keeps most people in check
d. / punishment should be tailored to each individual person
e. / the criminal justice system must be predictable, with laws and punishments known to the public

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:59

OBJ:4

12.Which type of criminology used science to study the body, mind, and environment of the offender?

a. / classical
b. / neoclassical
c. / positivist
d. / victimology
e. / criminogenic

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60

OBJ:4

13.If a person is defined as criminogenic, this means that he/she

a. / became a criminal as an adult
b. / was born a criminal
c. / became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience
d. / will never become a criminal
e. / became a criminal as an elderly person

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60

OBJ:4

14.Criminal behavior viewed as having been caused by a mental condition, a personality disturbance, or limited intellect is the focus of

a. / biological explanations
b. / psychological explanations
c. / criminogenic explanations
d. / sociological explanations
e. / political explanations

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:5

15.What stage of life is most significant in Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?

a. / fetal development
b. / early childhood
c. / adulthood
d. / middle age
e. / old age

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:4

16.Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on

a. / adult experiences causing criminal behavior
b. / social explanations of crime
c. / biological explanations of crime
d. / physical traits explaining crime
e. / unconscious drives and forces explaining crime

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:4

17.Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from

a. / overdeveloped id
b. / perfectly developed ego
c. / underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego
d. / underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego
e. / the overdevelopment of the id and the ego

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:4

18.An explanation of criminal acts that argues being a member of a social group shapes behavior is called

a. / biological
b. / psychological
c. / sociological
d. / physiological
e. / political

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:65

OBJ:4

19.A type of social process theory that stresses that social links to keep people in line with accepted norms is called

a. / labeling theory
b. / learning theory
c. / control theory
d. / normal theory
e. / political theory

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:4

20.The idea that any person regardless of education, class, or upbringing can become a criminal is called

a. / biological theory
b. / social process theory
c. / social conflict theory
d. / social structure theory
e. / psychological theory

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:5

21.Who created the theory of differential association?

a. / Sigmund Freud
b. / James Q. Wilson
c. / Cesare Lombroso
d. / Cesare Beccaria
e. / Edwin Sutherland

ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:4

22.Criminal activity where family and peers are primary influences is called

a. / control theory
b. / labeling theory
c. / learning theory
d. / conflict theory
e. / structure theory

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:4

23.What are the three types of social process theories?

a. / learning, control, and labeling
b. / biological, psychological, and sociological
c. / id, ego, and superego
d. / critical, radical, and Marxist
e. / classical, positivist, and neoclassical

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:4

24.Which of the following theories involves the use of criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots?

a. / social conflict
b. / learning
c. / social structure
d. / labeling
e. / social process

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:67

OBJ:5

25.Which of the following argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?

a. / Sigmund Freud
b. / Freda Adler
c. / Edwin Sutherland
d. / Richard Herrnstein
e. / Henry Maudsley

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:5

26.Prior to the 1970s, why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes?

a. / women were not physically strong enough
b. / women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing
c. / women were not given the opportunities to commit such crimes
d. / women were too intelligent
e. / women were too educated

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:69

OBJ:5

27.In relation to men, women commit

a. / more crime
b. / the same amount of crime
c. / less crime
d. / no research is available on this subject
e. / the same types of crime as men

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:70

OBJ:5

28.Most women criminals come from

a. / upper-class families
b. / middle-class families
c. / lower-class families
d. / upper-middle class families
e. / class is not a factor

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:5

29.What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?

a. / the gender gap, and differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
b. / the fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes
c. / the role of victimization on offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
d. / the income inequalities between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children
e. / the differences between juvenile and adult offending, and the role of politics on crime

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:5

30.Women's share of arrests is highest for which type of crime?

a. / robbery
b. / rape
c. / murder
d. / larceny-theft
e. / arson

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:5

TRUE/FALSE

1.Personal lifestyles do not influence exposure to victimization.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:46

OBJ:1

2.The tangible costs of crime are large.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:52

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3.The intangible costs of crime are small.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:52

OBJ:2

4.Fear of crime is greatest in urban areas.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:54

OBJ:2

5.Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:52

OBJ:2

6.Wealthy people can take measures to protect themselves from some types of crime.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:54

OBJ:2

7.Television feeds our fear of crime.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:53

OBJ:2

8.Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:46

OBJ:1

9.Classical criminology argues that criminal behavior is irrational.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:59

OBJ:4

10.Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60

OBJ:4

11.Cesare Lombroso's medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60

OBJ:4

12.Freud proposed a psychoanalytic theory that crime is caused by unconscious drives and forces.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:4

13.A state of anomie is where rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:65

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14.Henry Maudsley believed that criminals were "morally insane."

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63

OBJ:4

15.Emilie Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:65

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16.Most theories about crime are based on men.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:70

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17.Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and wealthy.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:73

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18.Proposals for chemical castration of repeat sex offenders are based on sociological explanations of crime.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:65

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19.Similar to men, women who engage in criminal activity disproportionately come from poor families.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:71

OBJ:1

20.Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:1

21.Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:67

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22.Labeling is an example of a social process theory.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:66

OBJ:4

23.Theories of crime causation DO NOT affect laws and crime policies.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71

OBJ:5

24.If crime is learned behavior, then there should exist policies to promote stable families.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:66

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25.Wilson and Herrnstein's book, Crime and Human Nature (1985), argued that certain biological factors such as sex, age, body type, and intelligence predispose some people to crime.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:61

OBJ:5

COMPLETION

1.______are more likely than whites to be victims of crime.

ANS:

African-Americans

African Americans

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:46OBJ:1

2.The ______increases our fear of crime.

ANS:news media

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:53OBJ:2

3.A field of criminology that examines the role of the victim is called ______.

ANS:victimology

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:45OBJ:3

4.Fear of crime is greatest in ______areas.

ANS:urban

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:54OBJ:2

5.In regard to gender, ______are more likely to become victims of crime.

ANS:men

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:47OBJ:1

6.The ______model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.

ANS:

lifestyle-exposure

lifestyle exposure

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:46OBJ:1

7.An Essay on Crimes and Punishments was written by ______in 1764.

ANS:Beccaria

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:59OBJ:4

8.______criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors.

ANS:Positivist

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60OBJ:4

9.______criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices.

ANS:Neoclassical

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60OBJ:4

10.The argument that criminals are born criminal was purported by ______.

ANS:Lombroso

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:60OBJ:4

11.Freud's personality theory is comprised of the id, the ego, and the ______.

ANS:superego

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:63OBJ:4

12.The argument that crime is a natural part of social life was set forth by ______.

ANS:Durkheim

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:65OBJ:4

13.Beginning in the 1990s, theorists recognized the importance of ______in explaining female criminality.

ANS:social structure

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71OBJ:5

14.The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called ______theory.

ANS:social conflict

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:67OBJ:5

15.Feminist ______researchers focus on the impact of critical life events, such as victimization, to determine why some women engage in criminal behavior

ANS:pathways

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:71OBJ:5

ESSAY

1.What types of persons are most likely to become victims of crimes? Why?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: KREF:46OBJ:1

2.Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior:

(1) / biological
(2) / psychological
(3) / sociological

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: AppREF:59

OBJ:4

3.Why do you think women constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in relation to men?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: CREF:69OBJ:5

4.How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS:1DIF:Bloom's: AnREF:60OBJ:5