Chapter 19: the Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism in the 19Th

Chapter 19: The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism in the 19th century

·  What was the task of the Congress of Vienna?

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact

·  enormous leap in industrial production

·  coal and steam replaced wind and water

·  factories replaced “putting-out” or Cottage Industry

·  Fundamentally changed the world

·  Enclosure Movement, urbanization

·  Creation of a wealth industrial middle class, and huge industrial working class (white collar vs. blue collar workers)

·  Negative environmental impacts (pollution, overproduction, life expectancy in beginning)

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

·  Began in Britain around 1750 due to Land, Labor, and Capital

Origins

·  Enclosure Movement- wealthy landholders enclosed their land with fences, got rid of common land, poor farmers either moved to cities or became tenants, experimentation with crops, ex: crop rotation led to food surplus, and then population increase, surplus labor looking for work

·  British people had more money to purchase manufactured goods

·  Britain also had capital for investment…central bank and credit

·  Entrepreneurs

·  Mineral resources in Britain: COAL and IRON ORE…island with deep harbors

·  Parliament passed business friendly laws

·  Great Britain had assembled a vast colonial empire, as the expense of its leading rivals, the Dutch Republic and France…colonies served 2 purposes: cheap raw materials and MARKETS for their manufactured goods

Changes in Textile Production

·  Flying shuttle on loom- doubled output of weavers

·  James Hargreaves: spinning jenny-spinning yarn

·  Edmund Cartwright: water loom- weaving cloth

·  Factories next to rivers

·  James Watt: Steam engine…at first invented to pump water from mines= more coal…then engines applied to spinning and weaving

·  1760: British imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, 1787 British imported 22 Million pounds of cotton, 1840 British imported 366 million pounds of cotton

Other Technological Changes

·  Henry Cort: invented puddling for iron industry…coke, derived from coal, used to burn away impurities in pig iron

·  New high quality wrought iron

·  1804: Richard Trevithick- first steam powered locomotive (5mph)

·  George Stevenson’s Rocket- first railway line- Liverpool to Manchester…16mph

·  By 1840: Britain had 6,000 miles of railroads

The industrial Factory

·  Factory created a new labor system

·  Unskilled labor

·  Child labor

·  Transition of life…clocks…workweek

·  Great Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”

The Spread of Industrialization

·  Began in Great Britain, then spread to Western Europe and the United States

Industrialization on the Continent

·  Belgium, German States, France

·  Began after about 1815

·  Borrowed a lot of British technology

·  Continental Governments more involved in industrialization than in England…funding, oversight, etc

·  Joint-Stock Investment Bank: pooled the savings of thousands of small and large investors- capital put back into economy

The Industrial Revolution in the United States

·  1800 6/8 Americans were farmers

·  1860- US population from 5 million to 30 million…50% farmers

·  transcontinental railroad

·  Northeast- primary industrial center

·  Most workers in textile and shoe factories were women

·  Growing manufacturing center, abundance of raw materials, and elaborate transportation system: turned US into world’s 2nd largest industrial nation by end of the 19th century

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Rest of the World

·  Russia: still largely rural and agricultural- serfdom until 1861

·  Newly industrialized European states pursued a deliberate policy of preventing the growth of mechanized industry in the areas where they had established control

·  Ex: Cotton industry in INDIA…British East India Company destruction of traditional Indian hand-made cloth (hand spinning wheel)

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

·  Growth of cities and emergence of new social classes

Population Growth and Urbanization

·  European population increased dramatically in the 19th century

·  Decline in death rates…plague and smallpox were less frequent

·  Cities and towns grew rapidly

·  Steam engine- urban centers

·  By 1850: more than half of the British population lived in towns and cities

·  Miserable living conditions for many

·  Tenements…5-6 people in one bed

·  Open sewers…human waste

·  Charles Dickens; realism

The Industrial Middle Class

·  Bourgeois/ burgher: town dweller…to middle class

·  New industrial middle class (white collar vs. blue collar workers)

·  Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

The Industrial Working Class

·  12 to 16 hour a day work shifts/ 6 days a week

·  no job security/minimum wage

·  textile mills and coal mines

o  deformed bodies/ ruined lungs

·  Children- small hands and “delicate touch” for cotton spinning

·  Children made 1/6 to 1/3 what a man did

·  Factory Act of 1833: prohibited employment of children under the age of nine…

·  Children were replaced by women in the workplace

·  New pattern of work based on separation of work and home

Did Industrialization bring an Improved Standard of Living?

·  altered the lives of Europeans…left farms, moved to cities, went to factories

·  Was it better?

·  Industrialization increased employment and lowered the price of consumer goods

·  More members of family could work and contribute

·  However, wages were not uniform and jobs were volatile, cramped and unsanitary conditions

·  Middle Class were the real gainers in the Industrial Revolution

Efforts at Change

·  Socialism: Marxist analysis of human society (utopian socialists)

·  Robert Owen, British cotton manufacturer…utopian socialist…transformed factory town in Scotland, tried to replicate its success in New Harmony, Indiana, but it didn’t work out

·  Trade Unions: formed by skilled laborers in a number of industries (ex: coal miners and ironworkers)

o  Strike

o  Collective bargaining

o  Largest Union in Britain: Amalgamated Society of Engineers (1851)

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

·  After 1870, Western world experienced a boom in material prosperity

·  New industries, sources of energy, and new goods- believed material progress represented human progress

New Products

·  substitution of steel for iron

·  Electricity as new form of energy: heat, light, and motion

o  Light Bulb (Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan)

o  Alexander Graham Bell: telephone

o  Guglielmo Marconi: first radio waves across the Atlantic

·  Internal combustion engine: fired by oil and gasoline

o  Ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles

·  Henry Ford: mass production of Model T automobile…assembly line

·  Orville and Wilbur Wright first flight in a fixedwing airplane in Kitty Hawk, NC (Mother of Aviation- born in LoCo)

New Patterns

·  Industrial production grew rapidly because of increased sale of manufactured goods

·  Germany replaced Britain by 1914 as the industrial leader of Europe

·  Department Stores

Emergence of a World Economy

·  Growth of marine transport and railroads

·  International trade increased dramatically

·  Europe dominated the world economy by the beginning of the 20th century

The Spread of Industrialization

·  Surge of industrialization in Russia- 1890’s under Sergei Witte, minister for finance…massive railroad construction…rapid growth of modern steel and coal industry…Russia 4th largest producer of steel and ½ world’s production of oil

·  Japan…imperial government took lead in promoting industry…government financed industries, built railroads, brought foreign experts to train Japanese employees…instituted universal education system…key industries in tea, silk, armaments, and shipbuilding

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

·  Working-class women: struggle to define role in society

·  Second Industrial Revolution: new jobs for women…white-collar jobs…clerks, typists, secretaries, telephone operators, teachers, nurses

Organizing the Working Classes

·  The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels…published in 1848

Marxist Theory

·  Opening words: “the history of hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”

·  Class Struggle between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

·  Uprising of Proletariat to Socialism to Communism

·  Closing words: “Proletarians of the world, Unite!”

·  Classless society

Socialist Parties

·  Workers Parties

Revisionism and Trade Unions

·  pure Marxists- revolutionary socialism

·  trade unions won the right to strike

Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism

·  Industrialization was a major force for change in the 19th century as it led the West into the machine-dependent modern world…nationalism which transformed the political map of Europe in the 19th century

The Conservative Order

·  After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers moved to restore much of the old order

·  Goal of the great powers at the Congress of Vienna- Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia- Congress of Vienna 1814

o  Leader of Congress of Vienna was Austrian Foreign Minister- Austrian foreign minister- Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)

o  Claimed he was guided at Vienna by LEGITIMACY- restoring previous ruling families back on throne

§  Ex: France from Napoleon to Louis XVIII (Bourbon monarchy)

§  Ex: Spain- Joseph Napoleon replaced by former family

·  Conservatism- ideology favored organized religion as crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations from the French revolutionary era

·  1815

·  Concert of Europe- created to maintain the status quo…Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria (later France) agreed to meet periodically in conferences to take steps that would maintain the peace in Europe

·  Intervention: policy to assert rights to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

Forces for Change

·  Liberalism and Nationalism also at work against conservatism

·  Liberalism: grew from the Enlightenment of 18th century and American and French Revolutions; based on idea that people should be as free from restraint as possible.

·  Politically, liberals came to hold a common set of beliefs

o  Protection of civil liberties

o  Basic rights of all people

o  Equality before the law

o  Freedom of assembly, speech, and the press

o  Freedom from arbitrary arrest

o  Protection through American Bill of Rights or French Declaration of Rights of Man the Citizen

o  Most liberals advocated separation of church and state

o  Right of peaceful opposition to the government

o  Making of laws by a representative

o  Many liberals believed in constitutional monarchy

·  Liberals were NOT democrats…thought right to vote and hold office should be open only to men who owned property.

o  Liberals also believed in LAISSEZ-FAIRE principles rejected state interference in the regulation of wages and work hours

o  Liberals were mostly middle-class men, especially the industrial bourgeoisie

·  Nationalism: even more powerful ideology for change in the 19th century

o  Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs

o  “nation” as focus of the individual’s primary political loyalty

o  Belief that each nationality should have its own government

o  Ex: German unity…but Hungarians wanted their own nation

·  Nationalism: threat to the existing political order…especially from the Congress of Vienna 1815

Revolution and Reform, 1830-1832

The Revolutions of 1848

Revolution in Central Europe

Revolts in the Italian States

Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question

The Crimean War

National Unification and the National State, 1848-1871

The Unification of Italy

The Unification of Germany

Nationalism and Reform: The European National State at Mid-Century

Great Britain

France

The Austrian Empire

Russia

The European State, 1871-1914

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy

Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order

International Rivalries and the Winds of War

The Ottoman Empire and the Nationalism in the Balkans

Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913