Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1 - The Renaissance

Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • List three characteristics of the Renaissance
  • Characterize the city-states which were centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy.

1300-1600 - ______= Rebirth of art and learning

Three important characteristics of the Renaissance

  1. Wealthy Urban Centers (City-States) with a secular outlook on life = possibility to enjoy material things

______: Focus on good living, worldly concerns

  1. Recovery from disaster & a rebirth of interest in ______
  2. A new view of ______beings with regard to ability & individual worth

Renaissance ______: skilled in many areas (well educated,witty, artistic,and athletic)

Renaissance ______: Beautiful, charming, educated: but not ambitious (even less politically active than Medieval women)

______- Renaissance Man: painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, & mathematician

Three Italian City-States played an important role in Italian politics

______

  • Located at the crossroads of trade routes = rich & powerful
  • Visconti family was in power until 1447
  • Francesco Sforza conquered the city

______

  • Republic with an elected leader called a Doge
  • Truly ruled by a small group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats.

______

  • Major city of the Renaissance in northern Italy
  • Controlled by the Medici Family

______de Medici - Controlled Florence behind scenes for 30 years

______de Medici - Cosimo’s grandson

Girolamo Savonarola

  • A Dominican preacher who condemns the corruption and excesses of the ______Family
  • Takes control of ______
  • Regulates gambling, horseracing, swearing, painting, music, & books

Niccolo Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

______

  • How to get and keep political power
  • Abandoned ______as the basis for analyzing political power
  • “the ______justifies the ______”
  • For the sake of the state, a prince must be willing to let his ______sleep

Renaissance Society

Nobles

  • Noble ______not ______
  • must gain a classical education and be a warrior
  • Show achievements with grace
  • Ideals of the nobles written in ______

Peasants & Townspeople

  • Peasants:
  • ______of the total population
  • End of Serfdom
  • Townspeople:
  • Patricians (______)
  • Burghers (______)
  • Workers

Family & Marriage

  • ______marriages – to strengthen family ties
  • Dowry – ______given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage
  • Father-husband was the center of the ______
  • Authority was ______till he died or freed his children

Chapter 12 – Section 2 – The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Explain humanism
  • Describe Renaissance education
  • Explain important artistic contributions of the Renaissance
  • Identify the great artists & sculptors produced by the Renaissance (da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael)

Humanism

  • Petrarch: Father of Italian ______
  • Emphasis on classics
  • Intellectual must participate in ______

Vernacular Literature

  • Use of vernacular (everyday language), self-expression and individuality of the subject
  • Dante:______ a visit to Hell
  • Geoffrey Chaucer: ______ English Pilgrims tell stories
  • Christine de Pizan (Frenchwoman):______– defense of women’s intellect

Education in the Renaissance

  • Believed ______could dramatically change individuals
  • ______studies: history, moral philosophy, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music
  • Purpose was to produce individuals who follow a path of ______and wisdom
  • ______
  • Felt a humanist education was a practical preparation for ______
  • Very few ______attended these schools – felt religion & morals should be first in their education

Renaissance revolutionizes art – New Techniques in Painting

Masaccio

  • ______: painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints

The Great Masters

  • Leonardo da Vinci
  • Born in Vinci 1452
  • Apprenticed to Verocchio at 15
  • Worked in Milan for 17 years for Duke Sforza
  • Painter – ______; ______
  • Architect
  • Inventor/Scientist (Notebooks)
  • Improved Printing Press; Odometer for mapmaking; Paddleboat--not practical till steam power; Shrapnel shells; Tank; Helicopter; Flyer; Parachute; Mechanics; Transmission; Hydraulics; Topography of Northern Italy
  • Vitruvian Man
  • Taken in by Francis I of France where he died in 1519
  • Michelangelo Buonorroti
  • Apprenticed to Ghirlandaio at 13
  • Sculptor: ______
  • Painter: ______; ______
  • Architect: St. Peter’s Cathedral
  • Raphael
  • Favorite painter of the Pope
  • ______

The Northern Renaissance

  • Northern kingdoms import ______artists and ideas
  • Albrecht Durer - engraver: Spreads Italian ideas
  • Jan van Eyck: one of the first to paint with ______
  • Printing: ______(Germany)
  • “Invented” movable type 1440
  • ______=more, cheaper books
  • More, cheaper books=spread of ideas

Chapter 12 – Section 3 – The Protestant Reformation

Learning Objectives – the students will be able to:

  • Explain how Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism

Christian Humanism

  • AKA Northern Renaissance Humanism
  • Major goal was to reform the ______church
  • Believed in order to change ______, must first change the humans who make it up

Erasmus - The Praise of Folly - Christian satire

Causes of the Reformation

  • ______in the Catholic church
  • ______failed to meet the churches spiritual needs – too concerned with worldly affairs
  • Focus on ______
  • Sale of ______(reduction of time in purgatory)

Modern Devotion

  • Mystical movement
  • Downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of ______

Martin Luther

  • ______monk & professor
  • His ______ began the Protestant Reformation on October 31, 1517

Main ideas of the 95 Thesis:

  • Attack on the sale of ______
  • Attacked church’s system of ______(only baptism & communion)
  • Salvation only through ______& ______, not works
  • Only authority is the ______
  • Called for clergy to ______

The Church's Response

  • Luther ______
  • Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) declares Luther an outlaw via the ______

Lutheranism

  • Gained the support of many ______rulers
  • Set up new religious services to replace ______mass
  • Became the first ______faith

Peasant Revolt

  • Inspired by Luther's talk of religious ______
  • Luther supported the ______– felt that the state & its rulers were called by God to maintain the peace necessary for the spread of the gospel

Charles V King of Spain/Holy Roman Emperor

  • Tries to stop ______in Germany
  • German ______divide between Catholics and Lutherans

Peace of Augsburg1555 ends the war

  • Each prince can choose ______of his state
  • Did not recognize the right of ______to chose their religion

Chapter 12 – Section 4 – The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Identify the different forms of Protestantism that emerged as the Reformation spread
  • Explain the results of the Council of Trent

The Zwinglian Reformation

  • Led by priest in Zurich, ______
  • All paintings & decorations were removed from ______
  • ______– war broke out between the Protestant & Catholic states in Switzerland
  • ______killed
  • Leadership of the Protestant movement passed to ______

John Calvin

  • ______who fled France to Switzerland
  • Writes ______

Calvanism

  • Man is ______by nature
  • Emphasis on the all-powerful nature of ______
  • Cannot earn ______- Justification by faith alone
  • ______

Predestination

  • God has predetermined those who will be ______(the Elect)
  • And those who will be ______(the reprobate)
  • Calvin sets up a ______
  • Strict Model Protestant ______

Scotland-John Knox-

  • adopts ______
  • Establishes the ______Church as the Church of Scotland

The Reformation in England

Henry VIII

  • ______wants an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (no sons)-Pope says no
  • Henry marries six times--fathers 3 future monarchs: Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth I

______

  • Declared the ______“the only supreme head on earth of the (new) Church of England”
  • Closes the monasteries and seizes land and wealth

1547 Edward becomes king & ______gain power

  • dies at 16

1553 Mary (Bloody Mary), a ______becomes Queen

  • tries to force return to Catholicism

The Anabaptists

  • Radicals who strongly disliked the state having a dominant role in church affairs
  • Believed in: Adult baptism; Equality of believers; Separation of Church and State
  • Persecuted by both ______and ______

Effects on the Role of Women

  • ______now placed at the center of human life
  • Did the Protestant Reformation change ______roles in society?

Catholic Reformation (Counterreformation)

Supported by 3 Chief Pillars:

  • ______
  • ______
  • ______

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

  • Founded by Spanish nobleman, ______(1540)
  • Took a special vow of absolute obedience to the ______
  • Missionaries restored ______

Reform of the Papacy

Paul III

  • Reform Commission investigates abuses
  • Approves the ______

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

  • Church's interpretation of the Bible is final
  • ______and ______works necessary
  • ______sacraments
  • View of Eucharist
  • Clerical ______
  • Belief in ______
  • Belief in ______– but sale forbidden

Paul IV

  • Index of Forbidden Books

Legacy of Reformation

  • ______Church= ______monarchs
  • Paved the way for modern ______--dream of a Union of Church and state is over
  • Religious ______
  • Catholic vs Protestant
  • Catholic and Protestant vs Anabaptists
  • ______Hunts (mainly in France, Germany and Switzerland--some in America)
  • ______: many expelled, others confined to Ghettos