CUMULATIVE FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW
Tissue Review
What are the four types of tissues?
What is a membrane?
What are the four types of membranes?
Where is the parietal layer of a membrane?
Where is the visceral layer of a membrane?
Cutaneous membranes/Integumentary System
-know the functions
-what are the two layers of skin?
-what is the hypodermis?
-what types of tissues are found in skin and the hypodermis?
-what are the layers of the epidermis?
-what are the layers of the dermis?
-what are keratinocytes, melanocytes?
-what is an exocrine gland? What is an endocrine gland?
-what types of glands are found in the body?
-what glands are found in skin? where are they located?
-what are the types of sweat glands?
-know the accessory structures of skin
-what are the parts of a nail?
-what are the parts of a hair? of a hair follicle?
Osseous Tissue
-functions
-osteon structure and organization
-cell types
-matrix composition
-compact vs. spongy bone
-locations
-functions & organization
-types of bones: long, short etc…
-long bone – parts (epiphysis, medullary canal etc..)
-bone membranes: periosteum vs. endosteum
Cartilagenous Tissue
-functions
-types and locations
-cell types and matrix composition
Muscle System Review
What are the three types of muscle?
What is a muscle? What is a fascicle? What is a muscle fiber? What is a muscle cell?
What is the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium?
What are the functions of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle?
Learn the structure of the sarcomere.
What are the myofilaments and where are they found in the sarcomere?
e.g. what are the thin myofilament proteins?
what are the thick myofilament proteins?
What is the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction? How does it work in contraction?
-e.g. what is the role of troponin-tropomyosin? of calcium? of ATP?
What are the T-tubules? What is their role in muscle contraction?
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What is its role in contraction?
What is a neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of acetylcholine?
Nervous System Review
what are the divisions of the nervous system?
what are the functional classification of neurons?
What are the parts of a neuron – what do they do?
What are the types of CNS glial cells and PNS glial cells? What do they do?
What is gray matter? What is white matter?
What is a tract?
What is a gray matter nucleus?
What is a ganglion/ganglia?
How does an action potential form?
What are the three kinds ion channels are found in a neuron?
What are the Modes of conduction of an AP?
What is membrane potential?
What is Depolarization? Repolarization? Hyperpolarization?
Know the two types of synapses?
What are the major types of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides?
What is CSF? Where is it formed? What cells form CSF? Where does it circulate? What is its function?
What are the 3 cranial/spinal meninges and what are their functions?
What are the spaces called?
What are arachnoid trabeculae? Denticulate ligaments?
What is an arachnoid villus? What does it do?
What are the 3 connective tissue coverings of the spinal nerves?
Where is the primary motor area/precentral gyrus located? Where is the primary somatosensory area/postcentral gyrus located? Where is the central sulcus
What are the lobes of the brain?
What is a sulcus? A gyrus?
What are the 5 components of the basal ganglia/nuclei found in the cerebrum?
What are the 3 components of the brain stem? What do they basically control?
What are the 2 main components of the diencephalon?
What is the major function of the thalamus?
What are the nuclei of the thalamus?
What are the 5 functions of the hypothalamus?
What are the nuclei of the hypothalamus?
What does the cerebellum do? What is arborvitae? What is the vermis?
What are the 12 cranial nerves and their specific numbers?
What are the 5 components for a reflex arc? What is a monosynaptic reflex arc? How does it differ from a polysynaptic? What is a spinal reflex? A cranial reflex?
SPECIAL SENSES
1. Describe the mechanism of smell. What are the functions of the olfactory receptors, supporting cells, olfactory glands & basal cells? Be able to identify the olfactory receptors, olfactory glands and supporting cells in a diagram of olfactory tissue. What cranial nerve is involved in smell?
2. What is a taste bud? What are the 4 major classes of taste buds? Where are they located on the tongue? What types of papillae contain taste buds? Where are they found on the tongue and in the mouth? How do we taste? Be able to identify the parts of a taste bud from a diagram. What cranial nerve(s) is/are involved in taste?
3. Describe the mechanism of vision.
-What are the three layers of the eye?
-What are the components of the fibrous tunic? Of the vascular tunic?
-What is the optic disc?
-What is the macula lutea? The fovea centralis?
-What are the parts of a ciliary body?
-What are the two types of photoreceptors? What is the visual pigment called?
-How does the iris change shape?
-How does the lens change shape?
-How does the lens function in focusing light? What shape is it when focusing on a close object? On a far object?
-How does the cornea function in focusing?
-Where are the aqueous and vitreous humor located? What structure makes aqueous humor?
-What are the chambers and cavities of the eye?
-What cranial nerve is involved in vision?
-What cranial nerves move the eyes?
- What lobe processes vision?
4. Describe the mechanism of hearing.
-What are the three main divisions of the ear?
-What are the components of the outer ear? The middle ear? The inner ear?
-How does the tympanic membrane connect to the inner ear?
-What are the two windows of the inner ear?
-What are the three scala of the cochlea? What fluids are found in them?
-What are the membranes of the Organ of Corti?
-What nerve is involved in hearing? What lobe processes hearing?
5. Describe the mechanisms of equilibrium?
-What types of equilibrium are there? What structures are involved in each?
-What is in the vestibule of the inner ear?
-How many semicircular canals do we have? What is the ampulla of the SC canal?
Respiratory System
What are the membranes of the pleural cavity?
What are the lobes of the lung? The fissures? The borders?
What is a lobule?
Know the structures in the nasal cavity
Know the divisions of the pharynx
Know the parts of the larynx including the epiglottis and cartilages? How does the larynx work in breathing and swallowing?
How do the vocal cords generate sound?
What are the muscles of inspiration and expiration?
How do you inhale? How do you exhale?
Be able to describe the divisions of the bronchial tree down to the alveolar sacs and ducts
What are the two types of alveolar cells and what do they do?
Be able to understand and describe external and internal respiration
How is breathing regulated – what brain stem areas are involved?
What is hemoglobin made of?
What is partial pressure?
How is CO2 carried in the body?
How is O2 carried in the body?
Know and be able to define the respiratory volumes
Circulatory System
Know the chambers and valves of the heart
Know the great vessels of the heart
Know the coronary arteries and their major divisions. Know the corresponding veins
Know the order of the conduction system of the heart – the SA and AV nodes, the bundles of His, the Purkinje fibers
What & where are the three layers of the heart? Epi-, myo- and endocardium
What two layers make up the pericardium?
Where is the heart located?
What is the fossa ovalis?
Be able to trace the flow of blood from the entrance to the right atrium to the exit from the left ventricle – be sure to know all valves involved
What are the two circulatory circuits in the body?
Be able to describe the stages of a typical EKG – what does the P, QRS and T waves represent?
How is heart rate controlled? What region of the brain is responsible?
What are the three layers of an artery or vein? How do arteries and veins differ in these layers? How do they differ from capillaries?
How do veins prevent backflow?
How is blood moved through veins?
What is systole & diastole?
What is the pulse?
What are the three major sections of the aorta?
What are the three major divisions off the aortic arch?
What are the major branches off of the descending aorta? The ascending aorta?
What are the major divisions off of the external carotid? The celia trunk? The superior mesenteric artery? The inferior mesenteric artery?
What arteries supply the arm? The leg? What veins drain these limbs?
What are the two major veins leading to the right atria called?
What forms the superior vena cava?
What are the major veins that lead into the inferior vena cava?
What makes up the hepatic portal vein?
Excretory system
What are the major regions of the kidney?
What is a renal column? A renal pyramid? A renal papilla?
Trace the flow of forming urine from its filtration from the glomerulus through the nephron.
Know the structures that collect the urine from the nephrons and form the renal pelvis
Trace the flow of blood from the renal artery into the glomerulus and back into the renal vein
Where is sodium reabsorbed? Where is water reabsorbed?
What are the functions of the excretory system?
Digestive system
Be able to trace the path of food from the mouth to the anal canal
Know the accessory organs of the digestive system
Know the major four tissue layers of the digestive tract
What is a bolus? What is chyme?
What kind of digestion occurs in the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine?
What enzymes are released in the mouth? What do they digest?
What is saliva made of?
What are the three major salivary glands?
What types of teeth do we have and what do they do?
Describe the structure of a tooth.
What are the phases of deglutition (swallowing).
What is the function of the esophagus? What is peristalsis?
What are the functions of the stomach?
Know the regions of the stomach. What are the major sphincters? What/where are rugae?
What are the muscle layers of the stomach?
What arteries supply the stomach?
What enzymes are found in gastric juice? What do they digest?
What are the divisions of the small intestine? What sphincters divide the small intestine from the stomach and from the large intestine? What are the parts of an intestinal villus?
What is the function of the small intestine? What/where are the plia circularis? What enzymes are found in “intestinal juice”? What do they digest?
Where is the cecum?
What are the divisions of the large intestine? What are the flexures of the large intestine? What are haustra? Epiploic appendages? What are teniae coli?
What are the parts of the pancreas? What are the arteries the supply the pancreas? What is the function of the pancreas in terms of digestion? What enzymes are found in pancreatic juice? What do they digest? What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla? What is it composed of?
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Know the regions of the gallbladder and its duct
What are the lobes of the liver? Where is the falciform ligament?
What are the functions of the liver? What cells produce bile? What is bile composed of? Be able to trace the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum together with the pancreatic duct.
What is the function of the large intestine? What is the purpose of the tenaie coli? The haustrae? What is the caecum? How is the flow of chyme controlled as it enters the large intestine? What is the function of the E.coli found within the LI? What is the composition of feces?
Digestive Enzymes – what do they digest?
Saliva
Salivary amylase
Salivary lipase
Gastric Juice
Pepsin
Gastric lipase
Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Elastase
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease
Intestinal juice/brush border enzymes
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Dextrinase
Enterokinase – activates trypsin
Aminopeptidase
Dipeptidase
phophatase
Reproductive system
Male
What three hormones regulate male reproduction? Where are they made?
What are the basic functions of testosterone
What are the three reproductive glands? How do they connect to the urethra?
What is semen?
What are the reproductive ducts?
What are the parts of the testis including the tunics? What is the function of the testis? Which cells are responsible for production of sperm?
Which cells are responsible for the production of testosterone?
Be able to trace the path of a spermatazoa from the testis to the urethra
What are the three divisions of the urethra?
What are the two types of erectile tissue?
What is the acrosome of a sperm?
Female
What three hormones regulate female reproduction?
What are the basic functions of estrogen, progesterone?
What structures produce estrogen and progesterone?
Know the development of the follicles and corpus luteum in the ovary. What follicle ovulates the oocyte?
What are the three layers of the uterus? What is the function of the endometrium? Where is the fundus? Where is the cervix? Where is the fornix?
Trace the path that an ovulated oocyte will take to the uterus. What are fimbrae? What is the infundibulum