Name Class Date
Chapter 15Ocean Water and Ocean Life
Summary Fill In; HONORS
15.1 The ______of Seawater
Because the proportion of ______substances in seawater is such asmall number, oceanographers typically express ______in parts perthousand.
•______(salinus = salt) is the total amount of solid material dissolvedin water.
Most of the ______in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.
Chemical ______of rocks on the continents is one source of ______found in seawater.
The second major source of ______found in seawater is from Earth’s
______.
•Some of the processes affecting the salinity of seawater are ______andmelting icebergs, which ______salinity, and ______and theformation of sea ice, which ______salinity.
The ocean’s surface water ______varies with the amount of ______radiation received, which is primarily a function of ______.
•The ______(thermo = heat, cline = slope) is the layer of oceanwater between about 300 meters and 1000 meters, where there is a ______change of temperature with depth.
Seawater ______is influenced by two main factors: salinity and ______.
•______is defined as mass per unit volume. It can be thought of as a
measure of how heavy something is for its size.
•The ______(pycno = density, cline = slope) is the layer of oceanwater between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is arapid change of ______with depth.
Oceanographers generally recognize a three-layered structure in most
parts of the open ocean: a shallow ______mixed zone, a transition zone,
and a ______zone.
•The ______zone is the area of the surface created by the mixing of
water by waves, ______, and tides. The mixed zone has nearlyuniform ______.
•The ______zone includes a thermocline and associated pycnocline.
•Sunlight never reaches the ______zone, which accounts for about ______percent of ocean water.
•In high ______, the three-layered structure of the open ocean doesnot exist because there is no rapid ______in temperature or densitywith depth.
15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life
______organisms can be classified according to where they live and
how they ______.
______(planktos = wandering) include all organisms—algae,animals, and bacteria—that ______with ocean currents.
•Among plankton, the algae that undergo photosynthesis are called
______.
•Animal plankton are called ______and include the larval stagesof many marine organisms.
______(nektos = swimming) include all animals capable of moving ______of the ocean currents, by swimming or other means ofpropulsion.
The term ______(benthos = bottom) describes organisms living on orin the ocean ______.
Three factors are used to divide the ocean into distinct marine life zones:the availability of ______, the distance from shore, and the water ______.
•The upper part of the ocean into which sunlight penetrates is calledthe ______zone (photos = light).
•The area where the land and ocean meet and overlap is the ______
zone.
•Seaward from the low-tide line is the ______zone, which covers the
continental shelf.
•Beyond the continental shelf is the ______zone.
•Open ocean of any depth is called the ______zone.
•The ______zone includes any sea-bottom surface regardless of its
distance from shore and is mostly inhabited by benthos organisms.
•The ______zone is a subdivision of the benthic zone and includes thedeep-ocean floor.
•At ______vents, super-heated and mineral-filled water escapesinto the ocean through cracks in the crust. At some vents, high water ______support organisms found nowhere else in the world.
15.3 Oceanic Productivity
Two factors influence a region’s photosynthetic productivity: the
availability of nutrients and the amount of ______radiation, or sunlight.
•______productivity is the production of organic compounds from
inorganic substances through ______or chemosynthesis.
•______is the use of ______energy to convert water and carbondioxide into energy-rich glucose molecules.
•______is the process by which certain microorganisms
create organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using ______
energy.
The availability of ______energy is what limits photosynthetic
productivity in ______areas.
Photosynthetic productivity in ______regions is limited by the lack
of ______
In temperate regions, which are found at ______, a combinationof two limiting factors, ______and nutrient supply, controlsproductivity.
The transfer of energy between ______levels is very inefficient.
•A______level is a feeding level in a food chain. ______and algae
make up the first level, followed by ______that eat the plants, and
a series of carnivores that eat the herbivores.
Animals that feed through a food ______rather than a food ______aremore likely to survive because they have ______foods to eat should
one of their food sources diminish or disappear.
•Afood ______is a sequence of organisms through which energy is
transferred, starting with the primary producer.
•Afood ______is a group of interrelated food chains.