Chapter 12 Section 1
Roots of Islam
- Life in a Desert Land – The Arabian Peninsula or Arabia’s location, physical features and climate have shaped life in the region
2. Two Ways of Life
a. Nomads – people moved
b. Sedentary – stayed near water (towns)
-Caravan – group of traders that traveled together
B. New Religion
1. Muhammad brought a new religion to
the area
a. Born in city of Mecca
b. A caravan trader
- Islam “submit to God” – the messages
Muhammad believed he received formed the
religion
- Muslim – followers of Islam
- Qur’an –Holy book of Islam with messages
Muhammad received from God
c. Muhammad taught to believe in only one God
d. Pilgrimage– people traveled to Mecca to a holy/sacred
shrine called Kaaba
e. Mosque – building for Muslim prayer
Chapter 12.2
Islamic Beliefs and Practices
Big Idea: Sacred text called the Qur’an and the Sunnah guide the Muslims in the religion, daily life, and laws.
Interactive / NotesA. Qur’an – book of Muhammad’s teachings
1. Beliefs – obey one God-Allah, if you obey
Allah in the end you will go to paradise
2. Guideline for Behavior in everyday life
-Jihad – to make an effort or struggle
B. The Sunnah – refers to the way Muhammad lived, which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims.
*Sunnah is based on the Hadith (written record of Muhammad’s
words and actions)
1. The Five Pillars of Islam – acts of worship required of all
Muslims
a. Praying – 5 times a day
b. Charity – giving to the poor and needy
c. Fasting – not easting during Ramadan
d. Pilgrimage - at least once in their life-time to Mecca
e. Belief – One God/Allah and his prophet is Muhammad
- The Qur’an and the Sunnah form the basis for Islamic law
Chapter 12 Section 3 Islamic Empires
The Big Idea
After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires formed --- the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
Interactive / Notes- Arab-Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands
- Abu Bakr became the leader after Muhammad’s death
- Caliph (successor)– Title Muslims use or the highest leader of Islam
- Beginnings of an Empire –Bakr unified Muslim states
- Non-Muslims in conquered lands had little rights
- Jews and Christians were not forced to convert to Islam, but were 2nd class citizens who paid taxes
- Growth of the Empire – Umayyads moved the capital to Damascus, Syria
-The Berbers people of Northern Africa, tried to resist the Arabs, but converted to Islam after many years of fighting
- Trade Helps Islam Spread - new goods and ideas
-India – cotton, rice, and oranges
-Africa – ivory, cloves, and slave
- Three Non Arab-Muslim Empires after 1100s
- The Ottoman Empire
- Janissaries – young Christian boys from conquered town who converted to Islam and became warriors
- Mehmed II made Istanbul the capital and made it the center of culture
- Safavid Empire – Persian Muslims fought with the Ottoman’s and split the Empire into two groups
Muhammad’s descendants could become caliphs
b. *Sunni –who didn’t think caliphs had to be
related to Muhammad
c. Shah or king Persian title used by Safavid leader
3. The Mughal Empire – located in region of India
a. Emperor Akbar’s tolerance (acceptance)
allowed Muslims and Hindus to live in peace
b. Emperor Shah Jahan - Taj Mahal a tomb for wife 1600’s
Chapter 12 Section 4
Cultural Achievements
Big Idea:
Muslim scholars and artists made important contributions to science, art, and literature.
Interactive / Notes- Science and Philosophy – Muslim scholars made lasting contributions to the fields of science and philosophy
- Geography – Ibn Battutahtraveled to Africa, India, China, and Spain and made a more accurate map for calculating distances.
- Medicine – Avicenna wrote the medical encyclopedia
- Philosophy – Sufism –focused on spiritual issues
- Literature and the Arts –helped spread Islamic religion
- Literature – Omar Khayyam – sufi poet
- Architecture – Patrons –sponsors or people who gave money for the arts
3. Calligraphy –decorative writing