Chapter 10: Applications of Social Cognitive Theory
- ______is the general term we use to refer to structures of the mind that we use to make sense of the world around us.
a)“schemas”
b)“goals”
c)“beliefs”
d)“standards”
Ans: a
- In her reaction time experiment on self-schemas, Hazel Markus found that people who had a self-schema for independence responded more quickly to traits related to independence than did those who did not possess this self-schema. This finding illustrates that schemas:
a)guide our information processing
b)cause us to think more quickly
c)differ from person to person
d)both ‘a’ and ‘c’ are correct
Ans: d
- The very idea that we have a working self-concept suggests that the self-concept is ______.
a)static
b)dynamic
c)chronic
d)acute
Ans: b
- The motive for ______refers to our desire to maintain a positive self-concept, whereas the motive for ______refers to our desire to solicit information that would confirm the self-concept.
a)self-verification; self-esteem
b)self-verification; self-enhancement
c)self-enhancement; self-esteem
d)self-enhancement; self-verification
Ans: d
- Elliott and Dweck (1988) induced ______goals in an experiment by telling participants that how well they did on a task would be evaluated by experts.
a)learning
b)performance
c)schematic
d)dynamic
Ans: b
- Children with an entity theory of intelligence tend to adopt ______goals, whereas those with an incremental theory of intelligence tend to adopt ______goals.
a)learning; performance
b)learning; dynamic
c)performance; learning
d)performance; dynamic
Ans: c
- Higgins’s and colleagues’ research on self-discrepancy theory suggests that an individual with an actual-ideal discrepancy will experience ______whereas an individual with an actual-ought discrepancy will experience ______.
a)sadness; anxiety
b)sadness; elation
c)anxiety; sadness
d)anxiety; elation
Ans: a
- We can do experimental research on the influence of ideal or ought standards because they can be ______.
a)primed
b)manipulated
c)made more or less salient
d)all of the above
Ans: d
- A focus on ought standards tends to make people ______-focused, whereas a focus on ideal standards tends to make people ______-focused.
a)prevention; promotion
b)prevention; performance
c)promotion; prevention
d)promotion; performance
Ans: a
- According to a ______approach to understanding personality, different situations activate different aspects of knowledge and, in so doing, bring about different emotional and motivational patterns.
a)nomothetic
b)general principles
c)idiographic
d)systematic
Ans: b
- Whereas perceived inefficacy in relation to threatening events leads to ______, perceived inefficacy in relation to rewarding outcomes leads to ______.
a)anxiety; depression
b)anxiety; prevention
c)depression; anxiety
d)depression; promotion
Ans: a
- Research on the role of perceived self-efficacy on health can be summarized as follows:
a)Strong, positive self-efficacy beliefs are good for your health
b)Weak and negative self-efficacy beliefs are bad for your health
c)The data are too inconsistent to draw conclusions.
d)‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct
Ans: d
- Bandura exposed snake phobics to one of three conditions: participant modeling, modeling, and control. Those in the participant modeling group experienced the most success because their treatment resulted in the greatest gains in ______.
a)self-esteem
b)desensitization
c)self-efficacy
d)promotion
Ans: c
- The goal of Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training, like other cognitive therapies, is to change clients’ ______.
a)faulty cognitions
b)unconscious motives
c)id-ego conflicts
d)phobic responses
Ans: a
- According to Ellis, our emotional responses to a stressor should vary as a function of our ______.
a)beliefs about it
b)physiology
c)conditioning
d)conflicts
Ans: a
- Research by Hankin, Fraley, and Abela (2005) indicates that depression can, in part, be explained by individual differences in the tendency to ______.
a)read Gothic novels
b)think negatively
c)exercise
d)smoke
Ans: b