Chapter 1: When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe Outline (P5)

Chapter 1: When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe—Outline (P5)

I. Peoples in Motion

1.The US has always been an immigrant country, including the Native Americans.

2. People from various places migrated to the Americas before Columbus’ discovery in 1492.

3. The Ice Age had the first humans cross into the Americas from Beringia 14,000 years ago.

4. The spread of migrants throughout the Americas had reached the southern tip of South America.

5. Three waves of migrations brought language variation and adaptation among the migrants in the areas they settled in.

6. Large native mammals of the Americas vanished with the arrival of hunters and climate change.

7. Native populations declined as these mammals became extinct, having them scramble for food sources.

8. A gifted maritime people, known as The Red Paint People, took to the sea for food, and may have travelled to Europe.

9. Native peoples settled down to hunting and gathering for food, rather than farming.

10. Other natives resorted to harvesting crops for food, which helped create permanent farm villages and raise population numbers.

11. Polynesians began a grand migration in 1600 B.C. from Southeast Asia to the Pacific, settling in a span of hundreds of islands.

12. Polynesians may have used their maritime skills to reach mainland America, with evidence in Easter Island suggesting they reached South America.

13. While Polynesians settled to Easter Island, the Norse were the greatest invaders of Scandinavia.

14. Due to Erik The Red's accusation of manslaughter around 983 A.D., Erik and his Norse followers went west to Greenland.

15. Leif started a colony called Vinland and the Norse soon destroyed the colony and abandoned it.

16. Along with Erik, the Norse also lost Greenland and after 1350 the colony suffered a population decline.

Europe and the World in the 15th Century

1. During 1400 Europe was at the edge of the world,it desired what other countries possessed but other countries did not wish what Europe had.

2. By the 15th century the Chinese empire was staffed with educated bureaucrats and had new big inventions that attracted many European merchants.

3. Between 1405 and 1434 Chinese royal led six large ships to explore and trade in East India and the coast of East Africa, after exploring Chinese explorers noticed that the world had little to offer to them and returned home .

4.West Europeans suffered disadvantages based on their location on the Atlantic rim making it hard for merchants to get access to Asia.

5. Europeans desired fine Silk from China and incorporated spices from East Indian in their food,Europe had little to offer to Asia and paid off with gold and silver.

6. Islamic states embarked a new expansion, Europe failed against Ottoman Turks who took over Constantinople in 1453 and Balkans by the 1520’s.

7. Europeans made improvements during the middle ages, after the decline of population until 1500 when the soil gained fertility and population growth increased.

8.The Renaissance showed interest in ancient Greece and Roman literature specially after the printing press movable type was invented in 1430 by Johannes Gutenberg.

9.Europe was a kingdom that depended in trading with other countries including the Non-Christians world ,between the 15th and 17th century European society began competing with one another in trying to gain access to creating new military techniques.

10.After the crusaders were driven from their own kingdom of Jerusalem they retreated to the Mediterranean islands where they used slaves to grow sugar cane or grapes.

11.The first slaves that planters turned to in the 14th and 15th century were from the Black Sea area and the Adrian in which the intensity of exploitation increased.

12.Portugal had a small population.

13.Portugal's advantages were their location which helped them to expand, internal peace, and an efficient government.

14.The Portuguese knew that Arab caravans crossed the Sahara to bring goods so they came up with a strategy to undercut Arab traders and make large profits.

15.Prince Henry sponsored voyages to surpass going around the Cape and exploring the coastline which then Portugal's era of expansion began.

16.Portugal mapped and made precise charts of the high seas and ocean currents from sources such as foreigners and modern navigators so that mariners could later follow.

17.The Portuguese adapted to devices that gave them advantages when battles appeared.

18.West Africa had many inland states populated mostly by agricultural peoples who learned to use iron before the European

19. The Portuguese founded offshore colonies on islands such as Madeira Islands. This colonization made a profit but lacking investment capital and experience, they drew on Italian merchants for both which moved the complex of staple crops and slavery to the Atlantic

20. At first, the Portuguese attacked villages to get slaves, but later they bought slaves from local rulers (most of which were enslaved and sold by fellow Africans) so they wouldn't enrage coastal peoples.

21. Slavery existed in Africa but not as cruel as the Europeans would make it. By the time Africans found out how cruel it was, the trade was too profitable to stop. Anyone who went against it would be enslaved too.

22. The Portuguese made slave trade profitable by causing fight between African states. There was no unity or religion to stop them from doing so.

23. Moslems and Christians believed that enslaving their brethren was immoral, although they would enslave pagan and Muslim Africans.

24.The Portuguese exploration paid for itself in gold, slaves, and ivory. The government later decided to fund a quest for an all water-route to Asia. In 1486, Bartolomeu reached Good Hope but had to return because of crew rebellion but 10 years later Vasco de Gama went on the same quest and made it to southern India.

25. De Gama opened up the opportunity for Portugal in the east as Portugal set up naval bases in Africa, the Persian Gulf, and India. By 1515, Asian and African trade made up two-thirds of Portugal's profits.

26. Because Portugal never governed its naval bases or holdings in the east, they never became settlements. They were concerned only with ensuring control over spices. Only in Brazil did settlement become a major goal.

27. Although sailing was a success, support of a home government was required for continued expansion. Italians passed their experiences to the Portuguese, while they passed it to Brazil. The Portuguese would also learn from the Arabs while the Spaniards would learn from the Dutch.

28. Early modern Europe had a social hierarchical in which men with prestige and wealth did nopresents by the Aztec ruler. Physical labor and men were able to succeed by forcing others to do the work for them.

29. Hernán Cortés and his army of 400 men invaded Mexico, tracked down the Aztec empire, then established instead of leaving after being given rich.

Spain, Columbus, and the Americas

Portugal colonized Madeira and Azores while the Spanish Kingdom of Castile conquered the Guanches people.
Prince Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile and later they both inherited thrones and made formed the modern kingdom of Spain.
Isabella and Ferdinand conquered Granada and threaten unconverted Jews to become Christians or they would be expelled from Spain if they didn't, as a result of this threat over 80,000 Jews fled to other Christian lands and Spain was Europe's most fiercely society in the 16th century.
Christopher Columbus sought to benefit from the victory at Granada, engaged in slave trade, married made roar planter and wanted to attempt an unprecedented fleet.
Columbus believed that the earth had a circumference of 16,000 miles but Isabella didn't agree with him therefore he went on his journey to prove her wrong.
Not concerned by wealth or fame, Columbus’ motives were religiously influenced by thinking he had a role to play in the end of the world.
Leaving the port of Palos in August 3, 1942, Columbus spotted land on October 12, 1492 claiming his promised prize all while keeping a faulty notebook to fool his men and an accurate one for himself.
Thinking he landed somewhere near the East Indies Columbus called the local people “Indians” when in reality he landed on San Salvador, or Samana Cay, later exploring Hispaniola and Cuba and leaving sometime around Christmas to return to find his garrison dead.
The voyage caused Pope Alexander VI to issue the Inter Caeteras bill, which along with the Treaty of Tordesillas prevented Spain from acquiring direct access to the African slave trade.
Columbus made three more voyages to China before the colonist shipped him back to Spain in 1500.
Many Native people died in the Caribbean due to the Spaniard invasions.
Spaniards like Juan Ponce de Leon and Vasco Nunez de Balboa explored the new world, but Spain still had gained little wealth from all the possessions they acquired.
The treasure that Spaniards had been seeking for was found by Hernan Cortes in 1519 after he sailed from Cuba to invade Mexico.

The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Americas

The Americas cultures have been developing over thousands of years, and thanks to the Aztecs and Incas, became a magnet to the Europeans.
After 4000 B.C., agriculture and farming became the main source of food and caused many settlements in the Valley of Mexico, Central America, Andes, Chaco Canyon, present-day New Mexico and in the Mississippi river.
The Indians were a very settled people, never migrating because they had everything they needed where they were, including crops, houses, and plenty of game to hunt.
Indians used a “Slash and Burn” agricultural system, and farming became women's work.
Indians weren't interested in owning private property, instead they protected their right to use land that was given to them by Chiefs.
The spread of farming caused a population increase of both sedentary and semi-sedentary Indians.
Even though the population was so large, even the most complex cultures were still of a low technological status, and were considered Stone Age Cultures.
Despite their low status, the Indians still managed to spread profoundly and successfully to the Andes and along the Gulf of Mexico.
Although urbanization and architecture appeared in the Andes, no single state ever dominated the Chavin culture.
The Chavin culture had two off shoots: the Mochica and the Tiwanakans.
The Class Andean Cultures collapsed because the Tiwanakans conquered the Mochica regions.
After the decline of the Classic Andean Cultures, the Post-Classic Cultures thrived in the North and West Tiwanakans.
The Inca came into power in A.D. 1400 in Andes and expanded a lot and ruled up to 8 to 15 million people by 1500.
Mesoamerica went through a short period of change that included it's Pre-Classical, Classical, Post-Classical cultures that were present both in upland and lowland societies.
Olmecs were the culture three other cities were modeled after with the oldest being San Lorenzo dominating until it's conquering leaving them with the domination of la venta and leadership obtained by the city of Tres Zapotes.
The three Olmec centers were small and couldn't sustain an army although there building of pyramids and ballparks was a first there game of heavy rubber ball also spread through Mesoamerica.
The Olmecs knew how to write and delevoped a calendar with a short and long calendar that also included human sacrifice to please God and let a new creation cycle happen.
The Olmec beliefs and myths carried with the Mesoamerican and Andean peoples and the arrival of Cortés caused a religious debate and the end of the 52 year cycle.
After the Olmec came the empire of Teotihuacan which was a huge city with a huge population that had many of the same customs and had influence trough Mesoamerica until A.D. 750 because of a lack of sufficient resources to maintain themselves.
Classical Mayan culture was carried on by the building of their important monuments like the Tikal in addition to that they controlled commerce with Teotihuacan using the built canals to water the crops needed to support the urban system.
Mayan writings date to 50 B.C. with them beginning to record their religious beliefs from about A.D. where the 1960 scholars view there writing and art discoveries as explanations towards their religious practice.
Classic Mayan Culture began to collapse 50 years after the fall of Teotihuacan which threw off the trade with the Valley of Mexico.
After 900 A.D., there was a sort of Mayan renaissance after many refugees had fled to Yucatan.
In 1400 A.D. Aztecs were powerful in the valley of Mexico but migrants from the north built a city out by the lake called Tenochtitlan.
Tenochtitlan along with his two alliances, Texcoco and Tlacopan, dominated the Valley of Mexico and by the 15th century the Aztecs came along and felt they had to prove themselves worthy to Tenochtitlan so they adopted a new religion in where they sacrificed people and held up their hearts to the sun.
Human sacrifice was a new thing to the Aztecs but in Mesoamerica it was known by everyone, the due to the thousands of people sacrificed the Aztecs had enemies everywhere and the Indians in Mesoamerican was going to help the Spaniards take down the Aztecs but later the Spaniards found allies in Andes.
In 3000 B.C. to 1700 A.D. three different types of Mount Builders succeeded each other and left a very powerful influence and later on their culture arose in Ohio and Mississippi.
Mound builders been around since the pre-agricultural people in Louisiana in about 3400 B.C. and had migrated to Ohio and other places over the time and by 400 A.D. the mound builders and land disable trade had been stopped and no one knows why.
The Mound builders dominated the Mississippi River valleys and their ruler was the "Great Sun" and when he does someone his wives family offer to be sacrificed to join him in his afterlife.
Cahokia was the largest city of North Mexico and the world’s largest earthen work, they had a lot of things in common with Mesoamerican artifacts but none of those artifacts has ever been found in the southern eastern U.S.
The Hohokam Indians settled in central Arizona in about 300 B.C but declined in 1450.
The Anasazi peoples were a very advanced civilization but due to drought the civilization declined, the Pueblo Indians say they were decedents of these people.

Contact and Cultural Misunderstandings

1. The Europeans in spite of all the culture they knew about, some different, some more similar to theirs, they were not prepared for what they found in the Americas.

2. Christians had trouble believing that the Indians could exist at all because they were all mentioned in the bible and they believed they were animals without souls.

3. Human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism was widespread through the Americas.

4. Columbus brought the first missionaries to the Americas and after one of them preached to the Tainos and presented them with holy pictures but the Indians trashed them so the Europeans buried them alive.

5. When the Europeans brought the news of Christ and how he died to save human kind from sin and how a priest transforms bread and wine into the literal body and blood of Christ the Indians Christians seemed to be people who ate their own god but grew outraged at the lesser matter of sacrificing a human being to please an Indian god.

6. When the Europeans converted the Indians to Christians the Indians concluded that the new converts still practiced old rituals in secret.

7. The Indians and the Europeans waged war because of their misunderstandings but with different goals.

8. They also differed in the aspect that the European men owned all the property whereas in Indian culture the women owned all moveable property.

Conquest and Catastrophe

The Aztecs got their revenge on Cortes and his men by killing Moctezuma, and drove the Spaniards out; the Spaniards left smallpox and left it behind, leaving it to the Aztecs and killing them. Conquistadores came and established themselves.
Pizarro captured his brother, Atahualpa, and held him hostage, to make some Inca allies, and then become the new Inca. The Spanish then established a new capital at Lima.
In a little more than a decade, Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies, conquered two enormous empires.

4. During the 16th century Spanish me n headed to the US to explore the east and west southern areas like Florida and Arizona in search of gold.

5. The Spanish priests and Jesuits diligently made an effort to influence Indians into catholic faith from present day Virginia and Mexican regions.