CHAPTER 1: “TOKUGAWA JAPAN,” (pp. 9-33)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

1. The emperor, a venerated figure who had little real power, presided over the imperial court at this ancient capital. ______

2. The greatest of Japan’s military leaders of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, he ruled from Osaka and led two unsuccessful invasions of Korea. ______

3—4. He moved the seat of government to the eastern city of Edo, Today’s Tokyo, after gaining power in the civil wars of the early seventeenth century. ______The battle that marked not only the rise of this leader but the beginning of an era of extraordinary isolation for Japan. ______

5. Although the symbolic head of the nation was the emperor, said to descend from the sun goddess who had created the islands, the nation’s greatest landowner as well as its commander in chief was this individual. ______

6—7. The provincial lords who kept order by the means of armed retainers to whom he allotted small portions of land in exchange for loyalty. ______The names of these armed retainers. ______

8. The indigenous faith of Japan, it was supported by the emperor, and acknowledged numerous divine spirits, both animate and inanimate. ______

9. The religion imported from China in the sixth century, it preached that an individual could gain release from the trials of mortal existence after undergoing numerous reincarnations. ______

10. The only way the shogun could reward his followers, it ultimately weakened his own power base. ______

11. In 1542, European sailors of this nation first reached the southern island of Tamega-shima. ______

12. Probably Japan’s most famous master of the tea ceremony, he struggled to impress upon his regent Hideyoshi the meaning of the art. ______

13—16. The four classes of society as outlined by the Tokugawa shoguns of the seventeenth century. ______, ______, ______, ______.

17. In 1588, Hideyoshi ordered this weapon confiscation program into motion, after which only samurai were allowed to bear arms. ______

18. In the late sixteenth century, residents on the western island of Kyushu, particularly those around the port of Nagasaki, were disproportionately attracted to this religion — by the 1580s converts were estimated at approximately 100,000. ______

19. Hideyoshi sent 100,000 soldiers as an invasion force to this country in 1598; the ears and noses of 37,000 enemy dead stored in a Kyoto temple served as a grisly testament to that campaign. ______

20. A traditional form of Japanese theater, it involved highly stylized performances in which two or three masked actors would act out a sacred historical episode. ______

21. Literally “the art of singing and dancing,” this new form of theater gained popularity during the Tokugawa era. ______

22—23. Persecution of Japanese of this religion was introduced as official state policy in 1618. ______This castle in Kyushu was the scene of their most famous martyrdom. ______

24. During the Tokugawa isolation, an artificial island in this city’s harbor served as the only entry-point for foreigners into Japan. ______

25. Literally “wave-men,” these samurai lost employment when their masters were dispossessed by the shogun — they would become agents of rebellion beginning in the mid-seventeenth century. ______

26. Despite the ceremonial privileges still accorded samurai, such as the chance to practice their swordsmanship on condemned prisoners, or on any peasants who showed disrespect, their decline in real power in an era of relative peace was signalled by their reward by the mid-seventeenth century no longer of parcels of land but of this. ______

27. The approximate population of Japan by the end of the seventeenth century. ______

28. The literal translation of “Ukiyo,” the playground of theatre, pleasure boats, and geisha girls that emerged in urban centers with the development of a merchant class. ______

29. The greatest Japanese master of the haiku, the three-line verse drawing imagery from nature to suggest an emotion. ______

30. Reaching its peak under the sixteenth-century tea master Sen Rikyu, this style of the tea ceremony is captured in its name, literally “simplicity.” ______

31. In 1853, he sailed into Tokyo Harbor with four gunboats, forcibly ending Japan’s long era of self-imposed isolation. ______

32. The year in which rebel lords from the western provinces used the name of the emperor in an attempt to wrest power from the shogun. ______

TRUE OR FALSE

33. Gunpowder was introduced to the Japanese by early Portuguese explorers. ______

34. As would be expected, the merchant in Tokugawa Japan was accorded great respect. ______

35. Certain Japanese pirates were operating in the Mediterranean by 1600. ______

36. After Tokugawa rulers had decided to restrict Japan’s contact with the outside world, they introduced laws providing for the execution of citizens caught returning to Japan from overseas. ______

37. To attempt to prevent regional daimyo from becoming too independent, Tokugawa rulers decreed that they must spend four months of every other year in the shogunal capital at Edo, leaving their families there as hostages in the meantime. ______

CHAPTER 2: “CHINA’S MANCHU OVERLORDS,” (pp. 35-53)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

  1. What did the Chinese call their country? ______
  2. This “barbarian” people pushed into China in the mid-seventeenth century and toppled the decadent Ming dynasty. ______The dynasty that these outsiders in turn founded. ______The translation of this word. ______The region north of Korea from which they came would later be called this, in their honor. ______
  1. The largely symbolic defensive line separating China from the supposedly barbarian lands to the north. ______
  2. These Christian missionaries had been accepted at the Chinese imperial court since the beginning of the seventeenth century; the Chinese were less interested in their faith than in the news they brought of Europe’s scientific and technological advances. ______The successful prediction of a solar eclipse led to the employment of the missionaries on this board, where they were to remain for 200 years. ______Probably the most famous of the missionaries, he arrived in China in 1582 and spent 30 years attempting to link Chinese and European culture. ______
  1. A feature of Chinese court life for more than 2,000 years, these officials gained increasing power during the late Ming era. ______
  2. This river valley now forms the boundary between China and Russia. ______
  3. According to Chinese tradition, this alone entitled an emperor to rule. ______
  4. This one-eyed peasant leader, and not the Manchus, captured the imperial capital, Beijing, in 1644. ______
  5. In 1683, the Manchus gained control of this island, which never before had been part of imperial China. ______
  6. Part of a new mandated hairstyle, removal of these would become a symbol of resistance to Manchu rule. ______
  7. Coming to the imperial throne in 1662, he would rule for sixty years and be admired for his learning, his sense of duty, and his efforts to avoid the corruption that had so marked the late Ming era. ______The name given to his enunciated 16 moral precepts, which included filial piety, brotherly love, and respect for property. ______
  1. Fierce fighting between the Chinese and these famed Russian soldiers led to 1689’s Treaty of Nerchinsk, the first between China and a European power. ______
  2. What percentage of the seventeenteenth-century Chinese population did the Manchus represent? ______
  3. This traditional Chinese rite involved touching one-s forehead to the ground until invited to come forward when in the presence of the emperor. ______
  4. The year in which the Qing dynasty came to an end. ______

CHAPTER 3: “THE GREAT SHAH OF PERSIA,” (pp. 55-77)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

  1. Seizing the throne in 1587, he became the most famous of the monarchs of the Safavid dynasty. ______
  2. Relying on the loyalty of Turkish tribesmen known as qizilbash, or “redheads,” for the red hats they wore, he carved out a Safavid empire in the first two decades of the sixteenth century. ______
  3. The present-day nation where the Safavid Empire was centered. ______
  4. The Persians belonged to this major branch of Islam, which traced a long line of spiritual leaders through hereditary succession back to Muhammad through his son-in-law, Ali – this put them at odds with the more numerous Sunni Muslims. ______The name given to these spiritual leaders. ______Who, according to many adherents of the faith, had not died but disappeared into a mystical form of concealment known as occultation in 874, to appear near the coming of the Last Days, in which the rule of perfect justice would arrive? ______Who did the Safavids associate this legendary figure with? ______
  1. Why was a condemned heretic named Shah for three days in 1593? ______
  2. This empire just to the west of the Persians provided them with their most serious military challenge. ______
  3. The Royal Mosque was probably the most splendid building of this city, built by Shah Abbas I in 1598 as his new capital. ______
  4. Islamic wandering mystics, they survived by begging for food, which they carried with them in small baskets. ______
  5. This material, and the goods made from it, served as the basis of the Safavid Empire’s wealth. ______
  6. By the beginning of the early seventeenth century, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, together with the Scandinavian countries, England, Scotland, and most of Switzerland were mostly adherents of this branch of Christianity? ______Itlay, Spain, and most of France, on the other hand, were ______. What was the main seventeenth century war that saw members of these two broad religious groups battling against each other? ______

15. The use of these paid soldiers had increased dramatically in Europe between the late Middle Ages and the seventeenth century. ______

CHAPTER 4: “CIVIL WAR IN ENGLAND,” (pp. 79-111)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

  1. Two separate rulers of this English dynasty would be removed from the throne in the seventeenth century; it would set England on the path to constitutional rather than absolutist monarchy. ______
  2. Elizabeth I’s death in 1603 brought to an end this English dynasty. ______
  3. The desire of these strict Protestants to “purify” the Church of England of traces of “popery” gave this sect their name. ______
  4. By far the strongest denomination in Scotland, it gained its authority from clergy and lay elders rather than from bishops. ______
  5. Resentful of anti-Catholic measures endorsed by the Crown, he masterminded the 1605 Gunpowder Plot to blow up both King and Parliament – an unsuccessful attempt that lives on in a contemporary British holiday. ______
  6. What were French Protestants known as? ______
  7. The former was in session for but a brief period in the Spring of 1640; the latter sat for twenty years, perhaps in part because one of its earliest enactments prevented it from being dissolved without its own consent. ______; ______

9.The dispossession of thousands of Catholic farmers so that Scottish Protestant settlers might take up residence in the Plantation of Ulster led to rebellion in this colony in the seventeenth century. ______

  1. The name given to the forces that supported the king in the English Civil War. ______
  2. A member of the House of Commons for Cambridge, he transformed the Parliamentary army into an effective fighting force. ______The name given to this new disciplined group. ______

13. He was beheaded before a public audience in London in 1649. ______

14. The replacing of the Roman Catholic James II in 1688 with the Protestant William of Orange is known as this. ______

15-16.This French king became the most obvious example of the seventeenth century absolute monarch. ______He adopted this as his symbol. ______

17.Located twelve miles southwest of Paris, this became the seat of the French monarchy for more than a century. ______

CHAPTER 5: “THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC,” (pp. 113-133)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

  1. Throughout the sixteenth, the Netherlands had been dominated by this European nation. ______
  2. Complete the following: “God created the world but the Dutchman created ______.”
  3. This French free-thinking philosopher, author of The Discourse On Method, was but one of many attracted to seventeenth-century Holland by its more open atmosphere. ______

4—5. The cloves and nutmeg of these islands northeast of Java became the source of untold Dutch wealth in the seventeenth century. ______The company founded in 1602 in exploit this trade. ______

  1. The isolationist rulers of this country gave the Dutch exclusive rights to maintain a trading post on their territory, a monopoly that would continue until 1853. ______
  2. What was the name of the independent-minded Dutch colonists who pushed inland from Africa’s Cape of Good Hope, where a settlement had initially been established to service trading ships? ______
  3. The Dutch established this North American colony on Manhattan Island in 1611. ______
  4. Present-day Jakarta, it was the most important Dutch settlement in the East Indies. ______
  5. A speculative frenzy of investment in these in the 1630s ultimately led to a collapsed market. ______

CHAPTER 6: “NEWCOMERS TO THE NEW WORLD,” (pp. 135-169)

POWERS OF THE CROWN: TIMEFRAME AD 1600-1700

1-2. This ship arrived in present-day Massachusetts in 1620 with William Bradford and a hundred fellow Pilgrim settlers. ______What was the name of the colony they established? ______

3—4. These two settlements in what is now New Mexico were Spain’s sole seventeenth-century outposts in the southwest. ______; ______

5. The Spanish founded this settlement on the east coast of Florida in 1565. ______

6—8. The number of estimated native Americans living in North America when European exploration began. ______Those who lived along the east coast belonged mainly to these two language groups. ______; ______

  1. A colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh on this island off the coast of present-day North Carolina in the late sixteenth century “disappeared” mysteriously. ______
  2. The official artist on a series of colonial missions promoted by Sir Walter Raleigh, this artist has left us an invaluable record documenting Native life at the time of European contact. ______
  3. Named after the English monarch of the day, this would become the first permanent settlement in Virginia. ______
  4. The daughter of Powhatan, leader of a powerful Indian confederation in Virginia, she would die in England of smallpox in 1617, but not before laying the plotlines for future American myths and Hollywood productions. ______
  5. What was the cash crop that would make the first fortunes of colonial Virginia? ______
  6. Most of the early labor in colonial Virginia was provided by these, who were obligated to work for a master for from three to seven years before receiving land and full freedom. ______
  7. The first of these arrived in Jamestown in 1619 on a Dutch privateer. ______
  8. True or False: The English colonists of North America made no attempt to enslave its native inhabitants. _____
  9. The first elected assembly in the Americas, it was convened in 1619. ______

18—19. Founded in 1608 and located on the Saint Lawrence River, it would quickly become the most important settlement in New France. ______Who was the explorer who founded the post? ______

20.Seventeenth-century European fashions propelled French and British traders ever deeper into the North American continent in search of these. ______

21. The name given to young French traders who ventured into the wilderness. ______

22—24. The colonies of New England were predominantly settled by members of this religious group. ______What was the name of the most important colony in New England? ______Who was the first governor of this colony? ______

  1. A Puritan minister who argued that separations between church and state needed to be established and that land had been illegally appropriated from the Native Americans, he helped to establish Rhode Island as a haven for dissenters. ______
  2. Fragile relations between this New England tribe and the colonists was transformed into open warfare in the 1630s. ______

27—28. What was the population of New France at the end of the seventeenth century? ______What was the population of the English colonies at the end of the seventeenth century? ______

  1. Granted to Lord Baltimore by Charles I of England for two Indian arrows per year plus one-fifth of any gold and silver discovered, this colony was originally intended as a haven for Catholics. ______
  2. Later to become the state of Delaware and Scandinavia’s only colony in the New World, it was annexed by the Dutch in 1655. ______
  3. The 1664 fall of New Amsterdam to the English would result in the name of the town and its surrounding colony being changed to this. ______
  4. The replacement of the Catholic James II with the devoutly Protestant William of Orange as English king in 1688 led to the dissolution of this new American colony. ______
  5. Twenty colonists were executed in 1691 at this Massachusetts Bay Colony settlement as a result of accusations of witchcraft. ______

34—35. Descending the Mississippi to its mouth, he claimed the entire Mississippi valley for France. ______The name he gave this land, in honor of the French king. ______

  1. The name given by colonists to the war between New England settlers and Metacomet, the leader of an alliance of tribes, in 1675-76 – it was a war which would severely test the colonists but effectively end native military resistance in the Northeast. ______
  2. The Virginia aristocrat who in 1676 led the settlers of the Piedmont in rebellion against the colonial government. ______
  3. This Quaker was granted proprietorship of a large tract of land in 1682 by the king of England in repayment of a debt owed his famous father. ______
  4. What year did the British finally defeat the French in their battle to control North America? ______

40-41. This Polish ecclesiastic argued that the Sun and not the Earth was the center of the universe. ______The year in which he published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, the book which put into print his theory. ______

  1. This Italian scientist (1564-1642) explored the principles of motion and mechanics, and was the first to demonstrate the astronomical use of the telescope. ______
  2. This second-century AD Greek remained, in the early seventeenth century, an apparent authority on medical matters. ______
  3. This English physician (1578-1657) made important breakthroughs in understanding blood flow through the circulatory system. ______
  4. The Dutch civil servant Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made the most notable discoveries with this new scientific instrument, like the telescope invented during the first decade of the seventeenth century. ______
  5. Part of this English scientist’s investigation of the characteristics and behavior of gases involved suffocating kittens. ______

47—50. His scientific and mathematical accomplishments included the invention of calculus to analyze movement and change quantitatively; the “discovery” of gravity; and exploration of the laws of motion and force. ______What were his three laws of motion? ______; ______; ______