Honors text: Chapters 1-3 & Ch 13 (sections 2-4)Unit 01 – Matter & Measurement

Introduction to Chemistry

CHEMISTRY = the study of the composition of matter, its chemical and physical changes, and the changes that accompany these changes.

Scientific law vs. theory:

Scientific law-

Scientific theory-

THE WAY SCIENCE WORKS

Science involves critical thinking, or applying logic and reason to observations and conclusions.

Observation vs. Inference:

Observation-

Inference-

Variables and Controls: A variable is anything that can ______in an experiment.

Independent variable: The variable being ______or ______by the scientist.

Dependent variable: The variable being ______or ______by the scientist.

A ______tests only one variable at a time.

The Scientific Method:A series of logical steps to follow in order to solve problems.

______

FORMULATE A ______

FORM A ______

DESIGN AND CONDUCT AN ______

MAKE ______

______AND ______DATA

DRAW ______

FORMULATE ______and ______

Making Measurements: measurements are made in this class using SI units.

______: distance between 2 points

______: space occupied.

______: the amount of matter in an object.

______: the force with which gravity pulls on a quantity of matter.

Accuracy vs. Precision:

Accuracy-

Precision-

(ex: a scale may be precise to the nearest 100th of a gram, or +/-0.01g )

precision vs. accuracy

increasing accuracy

Density =

Example: What is the mass of 10 mL of a liquid that has a density of 3.76 g/mL?

Temperature Conversions

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy in a system.

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Honors text: Chapters 1-3 & Ch 13 (sections 2-4)Unit 01 – Matter & Measurement

____ = Kelvin

____ = degree Fahrenheit

____ = degree Celsius

____ =Rankin (we won’t use this one in this class

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Honors text: Chapters 1-3 & Ch 13 (sections 2-4)Unit 01 – Matter & Measurement

K = oF = oC =

Percentage Error: Calculate this value in labs where the accepted value is given.

% error =

ORGANIZING DATA: Data is organized and presented in tables, charts, and graphs.

Graph - visual representation of data

1) ______

2) ____ and ____ axis labeled

3) ______for both the x and y axis

4) ______is evenly and correctly spaced for data

5) ______when appropriate

LINE GRAPH: best for displaying data that ______.

–Independent Variable: ______

–Dependent variable: ______

BAR GRAPH: useful when you want to ______data for several individual items.

PIE CHART: ideal for displaying data that are ______.

Matter

Matter = anything with mass and volume

Classification of Matter:

Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass): matter cannot be created or destroyed

Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may, however, be transformed

Virtually everything that is, is made up of atoms.

Currently, we have about ______kinds of atoms. In the natural world there exists ______different kinds of atoms. The others have been artificially produced in laboratories.

We call each kind of atom an ______, and we give it a specific name and symbol.

Atoms are made up of ______, ______& ______.

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of atoms. Electrons travel around the nucleus.

Different kinds of atoms are different because they have different numbers of ______.

We list elements by their ______, the # of protons.

Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance.

Examples:

Physical change: a change in the physical form or properties of a substance that occurs without a change in composition.

Examples:

Chemical property: describes a substance’s ability to change into a different substance.

Examples:

Chemical change: occurs when a substance changes composition by forming one or more new substances. (bonds are broken and bonds are formed)

Example:

Indications of a chemical change…

Phases of Matter

Kinetic Theory:

  • All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles.
  • These tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the temp., the faster the particles move.
  • At the same temp., more massive (heavier) particles move slower than less massive (lighter) particles

Solids:

  • Definite Shape? ______
  • Definite Volume? ______
  • Molecules in a solid are ______and constantly vibrating.

Liquids:

  • Definite Shape? ______
  • Definite Volume? ______
  • Some liquids flow more easily than others. The resistance of a liquid to flow is called ______.
  • Honey has a high viscosity compared to water

Gases:

  • Definite Shape? ______
  • Definite Volume? ______
  • The particles in a gas are spread ______, but can be compressed by pumping them into a restricted volume.

Changes of State:

Energy Transfers:

  • ENERGY is the ability to ______or move matter.
  • Energy is ______when substances melt or evaporate.
  • NOTE: our bodies cool down when our sweat evaporates.
  • Energy is ______when substances freeze or condense.

Melting: Change of state from ______to ______

  • Energy (heat) is ______by the substance that is melting.

Freezing: Change of state from ______to ______

  • Energy (heat) is ______by the substance that is undergoing freezing.

Evaporation: Change of state at the surface of a ______as it passes to a ______

  • Results from random motion of molecules that occasionally escape from the liquid surface.
  • Energy (heat) is ______by the liquid. (Cooling of the liquid results)
  • Can happen at any time.

Condensation: Change of state from ______to ______

  • Energy (heat) is ______by the substance that is melting. (Warming of the liquid results)

Boiling: Change of state from ______to ______

  • Occurs ______the liquid.
  • Boiling point/temperature is determined by ______
  • Energy is ______by the liquid

Phase Change Graph

*Boiling & freezing points depend on the pressure.

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram shows the equilibria pressure-temperature relationship among the different phases of a given substance.

H2O CO2

AB = AC = AD =

  • triple point = Point ______

The point at which all 3 phases of a substance (solid, liquid, gas) can coexist at equilibrium.

  • critical point = Point ______

The combination of critical temperature and critical pressure.

  • critical temp =

The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied. (H2O=374ºC)

  • critical pressure =

The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature. (H2O=218 atm)

Significant Figures

______IS THE LANGUAGE OF ______!

Scientific Notation: scientist use special notation to express VERY LARGE or very small numbers.

Ex: 300,000,000 m/sec = Ex: 1,007,000,000 sec =

Ex: 0.000 000 000 004 76 m =

Significant Figures

Atlantic - Pacific Rule:

–Decimal Present: Count from the Pacific side

–Decimal Absent: Count from the Atlantic side

Start counting at the first non-zero number and count until you reach the end of the number

Ex. I: 3.00700

Ex. II: 300,700

Significant Figures in Calculations

When multiplying and dividing, limit and round to the least number of significant figures in any of the factors.

Example:

23.0 x 432 x 19 =

When adding and subtracting, limit and round your answer to the least number of decimal places in any of the numbers involved in the calculation.

Example:

123.25 + 46.0 +86.257 =

Determine how many significant figures are in each of the following measurements:

1.0.0034050 L

2.33.600 m

3.7500.0 g

4.47,900 mm

5.7,000,000,001 miles

6.8.07 Hz

Round each of the following measurements off so that they each contain 3 significant figures (you may use scientific notation if you prefer):

7.366.2 L

8.9,047,022 mg

9.12.76 g

  1. 999.9 J

Perform the prescribed operations. Round your answers to the proper number of significant figures. Include the appropriate units in your answer.

11.36.57 m / 3.21 s =

12.41.37 g + 13.3 g + 42.9 g =

13.5.67 m x 13.44 m =

  1. (5.83 m / 2.67 s) / 2.1 s =
  1. 9.374 V x 6 =

Dimensional Analysis

Given information:

Unit conversion map:

Convert 14 gallons to kildurkins:

Convert 14 barrels to hogsheads:

Convert 3.00 bushels to farkins:

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