CHAPTER 1: HOW TO NAME AND TRANSLATE THE P-PARTS
1. Most verbs in Latin have 152 forms. Cf. ALL THE FORMS OF A VERB.
2. Latin dictionaries usually give only four forms; these forms are called theP-PARTS (p-parts). Cf. THE FOUR P-PARTS OF AMō.
3. If we have the p-parts of a verb, we can use them to predict the other 152 forms of that verb.
4. The name of each p-part is an ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth).
5. The first p-part is the lexical form (LF), because it is the one form of all 152 by which a verb is found in the dictionary.
Exercise 1.
Give the LF of each word.
1. geese
2. oxen
3. sworn
4. boys
5. sat
6. Also, the 1st p-part ends in ō and is translated as “I ~.” Cf. THE FOUR P-PARTS DELUXE EDITION.
7. The 2nd p-part ends in re and is translated as “to ~.”
8. The 3rd p-part ends in ī and is translated as “I ~ed.”
9. The 4th p-part ends in us and is translated as “~ed.”
Exercise 2
Name the p-part. Cf. THE FOUR P-PARTS DELUXE EDITION.
Ex. Appellāre is the 2nd p-part.
1. turbāvī 7. appellāre
2. narrāvī 8. inclūdĕre
3. dormiō9. comprehendī
4. necātus 10. amō
5. cōniectus 11. timēre
6. terreō
Exercise 3
Translate each p-part. Do not inclūde words in parantheses.
1. abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2. abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3. abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away
4. abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5. abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6. abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7. abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8. absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away
9. absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10. accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
11. accidō, accidere, accidī, happen
12. accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive
13. accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitus, lie down (at table).
14. accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursus, run to
15. adamō, adamāre, adamāvī, adamātus, fall in love with
16. addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus, bring
17. adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach
18. adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring
19. adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, afflict
20. adflīgō, adflīgere, adflīxi, adflīctus, dash to, shatter
Exercise 4
Translate each p-part.
1. adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitus, show
2. adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw
3. adimō, adimere, adēmī, adēmptus, take away
4. adiungo, adiungere, adiūnxī, adiūnctus, join
5. adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, adligātus, bind
6. addīcō, addīcere, admīsī, admissus, say to, admit; allow
7. adstō, adstāre, adstitī, stand at or near
8. adūrō, adūrere, adūssī, adūstus, set fire to
9. adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventus, arrive
10. aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus, build
Exercise 5
Name the p-part.
1. aperiō
2. āvectus
3. appulī
4. appropinquāre
5. ārsus
6. appōnō
7. audeō
8. abstulī
9. appetītus
10. appellāre
Exercise 6
Identify the LFs from Exercises2 and 5.
CHAPTER 2: HOW TO IDENTIFY CONJUGATION MEMBERSHIP
The Latin verbs are grouped according to the present active infinitive (i.e., the ending of the 2nd p-part). Here is a table which predicts the conjugation to which any verb belongs based on its present active infinitive.
2ND P-PART ENDING / CONJUGATION-āre / 1st
-ēre / 2nd
-ĕre / 3rd
-īre / 4th
Exercise
Identify conjugation membership.
A. 1. abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, put away, hide
2. abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, lead or take away
3. abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away, depart
4. abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5. abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6. abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut r off
7. abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8. absum, abesse, āfuī, be absent, be distant; be wanting
9. absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, consume, destroy
10. accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, kindle, light
B. 1. accidō, accidere, accidī, fall upon; befall, happen
2. accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive
3. accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitus, lie down (at table).
4. accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursus, run to, come up
5. adamō, adamāre, adamāvī, adamātus, fall in love with
6. addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus, bring, take; induce, influence
7. adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach
8. adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring
9. adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, do to, move, affect;
visit, afflict
10. adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw (to), hurl
CHAPTER 3: HOW TO FIND THE PRESENT STEM
1. Every verb has a present stem.
2. The present stem is found by removing the re from the second p-part (the present active infinitive).
Ex1. The present stem of amāre is amā.
Ex2. The present stem of terrēre is terrē.
Ex3. The present stem of dormīre is dormī.
Ex4. The present stem of comprehendere is comprehende.
Ex5. The present stem of cōnicere is cōnicie.
3. Notice that in Ex5 the present stem is found by removing the re and changing the e to ie. This is done only when the 1st p-part ends in io.
Exercise
What is the present stem?
1. amō, amāre, love
2. appellō, appellāre, call
3. comprehendō, comprehendĕre, seize
4. cōniciō, cōnicere, toss
5. dormiō, dormīre, sleep
6. inclūdō, inclūdĕre, lock up
7. narrō, narrāre, tell
8. necō, necāre, kill
9. terreō, terrēre, scare
10. timeō, timēre, fear
11. turbō, turbāre, stir up
12. ērigō, ērigere, ērēxī, ērēctus
13. ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus
14. ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvāsī, ēvāsus
15. ēvānēscō, ēvānēscere, ēvānuī
16. ēvomō, ēvomere, ēvomuī, ēvomitus
17. exārdēscō, exārdēscere, exārsī, exārsus
18. excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptus
19. exclūdō, exclūdere, exclūsī, exclūsus
20. exuō, exuere, exuī, exūtus
CHAPTER 4: THE PRESENT TENSE
1. The present stem is used to form the present active.
2. Here are examples of verbs from each conjugation in the present active.
1ST CONJUGATION
damnō / I condemndamnās / you condemn
damnat / he condemn
damnāmus / we condemn
damnātis / you condemn
damnant / they condemn
2ND CONJUGATION
terreō / I scareterrēs / you scare
terret / he scare
terrēmus / we scare
terrētis / you scare
terrent / they scare
3RD CONJUGATION
dīcō / I saydīcis / you say
dīcit / he says
dīcimus / we say
dīcitis / you say
dīcunt / they say
4THCONJUGATION
audiō / I hearaudīs / you hear
audit / he hears
audīmus / we hear
audītis / you hear
audiunt / they hear
3. We may abstract from these examples the endings:
ENDING / PARSE / TRANSLATION GHOSTō / 1st sg. pres. act. ind. / I -
s / 2nd sg. pres. act. ind. / you -
t / 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. / he -s
mus / 1st pl. pres. act. ind. / we -
tis / 2nd pl. pres. act. ind. / you -
nt / 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. / they -
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Narrant.
2. Appellat.
3. Necāmus.
4. Comprehendit
5. Timet.
6. Inclūdit.
7. Cōniciunt.
8. Terrēs.
9. Turbātis.
10. Dormit.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. He is telling.
2. You kill.
3. She names.
4. We seize.
5. You (pl.) fear.
6. We confine.
7. He tosses.
8. I scare.
9. You are troubling.
10. We are sleeping.
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
CHAPTER 5: THE IMPERFECTTENSE
1. The present stem is used to form the imperfect active.
2. The imperfect tense indicates action that is incomplete and in the past. Often we may choose either “was/were -ing” or simply “-ed.”
3. Here are examples of the imperfect indicative active.
damnābam / I was condemningdamnābās / you were condemning
damnābat / he was condemning
damnābāmus / we were condemning
damnābātis / you were condemning
damnābant / they were condemning
terrēbam / I was scaring
terrēbās / you were scaring
terrēbat / he was scaring
terrēbāmus / we were scaring
terrēbātis / you were scaring
terrēbānt / they were scaring
dīcēbam / I was saying
dīcēbās / you were saying
dīcēbat / he was saying
dīcēbāmus / we were saying
dīcēbātis / you were saying
dīcēbant / they were saying
audiēbam / I was hearing
audiēbās / you were hearing
audiēbat / he was hearing
audiēbāmus / we were hearing
audīēbātis / you were hearing
audiēbant / they were hearing
4. We abstract from these examples the following table.
ENDINGS / PARSE / TRANSLATIONbam / 1st sg. impf. act. ind. / I was -ing
bās / 2nd sg. impf. act. ind. / you were -ing
bat / 3rd sg. impf. act. ind. / he was -ing
bāmus / 1st pl. impf. act. ind. / we were -ing
bātis / 2nd pl. impf. act. ind. / you were -ing
bant / 3rd pl. impf. act. ind. / they were -ing
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Narrābant.
2. Appellābāmus.
3. Necābātis.
4. Comprehendēbās.
5. Timēbat.
6. Inclūdēbam.
7. Cōniciēbat.
8. Terrēbātis.
9. Turbābant.
10. Dormiēbat.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. They were sleeping.
2. You were telling.
3. We were scaring.
4. He used to kill.
5. I began to toss.
6. They were in the habit of seizing.
7. He used to fear.
8. It was troubling.
9. We started naming.
10. I began to confine.
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
CHAPTER 6: THE FUTURETENSE
1. The present stem is used to form the future active indicative.
2. The future active is formed in two ways.
3. 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs form the future as follows.
damnābō / I will condemndamnābis / you will condemn
damnābit / he will condemn
damnābimus / we will condemn
damnābitis / you will condemn
damnābunt / they will condemn
terrēbō / I will scare
terrēbis / you will scare
terrēbit / he will scare
terrēbimus / we will scare
terrēbitis / you will scare
terrēbunt / they will scare
11. 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs form the future as follows.
dīcam / I will saydīcēs / you will say
dīcet / he will say
dīcēmus / we will say
dīcētis / you will say
dīcent / they will say
audiam / I will hear
audiēs / you will hear
audiet / he will hear
audiēmus / we will hear
audiētis / you will hear
audient / they will hear
12. These examples may be reduced to the following table.
ENDING / TRANSLATION / PARSE1st & 2nd / 3rd & 4th
-bō / -am / I will - / 1st sg. fut. act. ind.
-bis / -ēs / you will - / 2nd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bit / -et / he will - / 3rd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bimus / -ēmus / we will - / 1st pl. fut. act. ind.
-bitis / -ētis / you will - / 2nd pl. fut. act. ind.
-bunt / -ent / they will - / 3rd pl. fut. act. ind.
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Turbābunt.
2. Terrēbitis.
3. Inclūdam.
4. Narrābunt.
5. Cōniciēs.
6. Appellābimus.
7. Timēbit.
8. Necābitis.
9. Dormient.
10. Comprehendēs.
11. Inclūdet.
12. Dormiet.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. They will sleep.
2. You will tell.
3. We will scare.
4. He will kill.
5. I will toss.
6. They will seize.
7. He will fear.
8. It will trouble.
9. We will name.
10. I will confine.
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
CHAPTER 7: HOW TO FIND THE PERFECT STEM
1. We recall from an earlier chapter that the 3rd p-part ends in ī and is translated as “I ~ed.”
2. The perfect stem is a modified version of the present stem. There are several ways to modify the present stem in order to form the perfect stem.
3. The best procedure is to inspect the 3rd p-part and remove the ī.
Ex. The principal parts of aedificōare aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus. The third principal part isaedificāvī. If we remove the ī, we obtain the perfect stem: aedificāv.
Exercise 1
Identify the 3rd p-part of each of the following verbs.
1. abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2. abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3. abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away
4. abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5. abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6. abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7. abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8. absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away
9. absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10. accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
CHAPTER 8: THE PERFECT TENSE
1. On the perfect stem is formed the perfect indicative active.
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATIONdamnāvī / I (have) condemned
damnāvistī / you (have) condemned
damnāvit / he (has) condemned
damnāvimus / we (have) condemned
damnāvistis / you (have) condemned
damnāvērunt / they (have) condemned
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
terruī / I (have) scared
terruistī / you (have) scared
terruit / he (has) scared
terruimus / we (have) scared
terruistis / you (have) scared
terruērunt / they (have) scared
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
dīxī / I (have) said
dīxistī / you (have) said
dīxit / he (has) said
dīximus / we (have) said
dīxistis / you (have) said
dīxērunt / they (have) said
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
audīvī / I (have) heard
audīvistī / you (have) heard
audīvit / he (has) heard
audīvimus / we (have) heard
audīvistis / you (have) heard
audīvērunt / they (have) heard
2. The following endings may be abstracted:
ENDING / PARSE / TRANSLATIONī / 1st sg. pf. act. ind. / I (have) -ed
istī / 2nd sg. pf. act. ind. / you (have) -ed
it / 3rd sg. pf. act. ind. / he (has) -ed
imus / 1st pl. pf. act. ind. / we (have) -ed
istis / 2nd pl. pf. act. ind. / you (have) -ed
ērunt / 3rd pl. pf. act. ind. / they (have) -ed
3. Note that dīxī can be translated as “I said” or as “I have said,” but may not be translated as “I was saying.” This is because the perfect denotes an action that is either happening at one point (“I said”) or being completed at one point (“I have said”).
4. Note also that each of the examples above form the perfect stem differently. The perfect stem is formed in several different ways: we may find or v, u, s, ns, ss, x, ps, p, mps, lx or nx. In some verbs the perfect stem is identical to the present stem.
5. Rather than memorize perfect stem formations, it is much wiser to recognize perfect endings.
Exercise 1
Translate the 3rd p-part.
1. abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2. abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3. abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away
4. abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5. abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6. abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7. abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8. absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away
9. absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10. accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
Exercise 2Exercise 3
Parse and translate.Translate.
1. Abdidī.1. They have destroyed.
2. Abdūxistī.2. He lit [a fire].
3. Abiit.3. You hid.
4. Abiēcit.4. She has gone away.
5. Abripuimus.5. We have thrown away.
6. Abcīdistis.6. I have carried off.
7. Abscidērunt.7. I carried off.
8. āfuī.8. You (pl.) have cut off.
CHAPTER 9: THE PLUPERFECT TENSE
1. The pluperfect indicative active is formed on the perfect stem.
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATIONdamnāveram / I had condemned
damnāverās / you had condemned
damnāverat / he had condemned
damnāverāmus / we had condemned
damnāverātis / you had condemned
damnāverant / they had condemned
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
terrueram / I had scared
terruerās / you had scared
terruerat / he had scared
terruerāmus / we had scared
terruerātis / you had scared
terruerant / they had scared
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
dīxeram / I hadsaid
dīxerās / you hadsaid
dīxerat / he hadsaid
dīxerāmus / we hadsaid
dīxerātis / you hadsaid
dīxerant / they hadsaid
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
audīveram / I hadheard
audīverās / you hadheard
audīverat / he hadheard
audīverāmus / we hadheard
audīverātis / you hadheard
audīverant / they hadheard
2. The following endings may be abstracted:
ENDING / PARSE / TRANSLATIONeram / 1st sg. plupf. act. ind. / I had-ed
erās / 2nd sg. plupf. act. ind. / you had-ed
erat / 3rd sg. plupf. act. ind. / he had-ed
erāmus / 1st pl. plupf. act. ind. / we had-ed
erātis / 2nd pl. plupf. act. ind. / you had-ed
erant / 3rd pl. plupf. act. ind. / they had-ed
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Acciderās.
2. Accēperat.
3. Accubueram.
4. Accurrerāmus.
5. Adamāverātis.
6. Addūxerant.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. They had brought.
2. We had fallen in love with.
3. You had run up to.
4. You (pl.) had lain down [at table].
5. He had received.
6. I had fallen upon.
Exercise 3
Translate each p-part. Do not include words in parantheses.
1. accidō, -cidere, -cidī, fall to or upon; befall, happen.
2. accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus, take to oneself, receive,
accept; hear; suffer.
3. accumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, -cubitus, lie down (at table).
4. accurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursus, run to, come up.
5. adamō, -amāre, -amāvī, -amātus, feel love for, fall in love with.
6. addūcō, -dūcere, -, -ductus, lead to, bring, take; induce,
influence.
CHAPTER 10: THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. The future perfect indicative active is formed on the perfect stem.
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATIONdamnāverō / I will have condemned
damnāveris / you will have condemned
damnāverit / he will have condemned
damnāverimus / we will have condemned
damnāveritis / you will have condemned
damnāverint / they will have condemned
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
terruerō / I will have scared
terrueris / you will have scared
terruerit / he will have scared
terruerimus / we will have scared
terrueritis / you will have scared
terruerint / they will have scared
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
dīxerō / I will havesaid
dīxeris / you will havesaid
dīxerit / he will havesaid
dīxerimus / we will havesaid
dīxeritis / you will havesaid
dīxerint / they will havesaid
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE / TRANSLATION
audīverō / I will haveheard
audīveris / you will haveheard
audīverit / he will haveheard
audīverimus / we will haveheard
audīveritis / you will haveheard
audīverint / they will haveheard
2. The following endings may be abstracted:
ENDINGS / TRANSLATION / TRANSLATIONerō / 1st sg. fut. pf. act. ind. / I will have-ed
eris / 2nd sg. fut. pf. act. ind. / you will have-ed
erit / 3rd sg. fut. pf. act. ind. / he will have-ed
erimus / 1st pl. fut. pf. act. ind. / we will have-ed
eritis / 2nd pl. fut. pf. act. ind. / you will have-ed
erint / 3rd pl. fut. pf. act. ind. / they will have-ed
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Adierint.
2. Attuleris.
3. Adfēcerimus.
4. Adflīxerō.
5. Adhibuerit.
6. Adiēceritis.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. I will have hurled.
2. You will have approached.
3. She will have shattered.
4. We will have brought.
5. They will have shown.
6. You (pl.) will have moved.
Exercise 3
Parse all forms.
1. adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach.
2. adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring.
3. adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, do to, move, affect;
visit, afflict.
4. adflīgō, adflīgere, adflīxi, adflīctus, dash to, shatter.
5. adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitus, hold to, employ, show.
6. adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw to, throw, hurl.
Exercise 4
Translate all forms.
1. adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach.
2. adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring.
3. adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, do to, move, affect;
visit, afflict.
4. adflīgō, adflīgere, adflīxi, adflīctus, dash to, shatter.
5. adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitus, hold to, employ, show.
6. adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw to, throw, hurl.
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE
1. On the present stem is formed the present imperative.
1ST CONJUGATION
damnā / Condemn!damnāte / Condemn!
2ND CONJUGATION
terrē / Scare!terrēte / Scare!
3RD CONJUGATION
mitte / Send!mittite / Send!
4THCONJUGATION
audī / Hear!audīte / Hear!
2. These may be reduced thus:
-ā / 2nd sg. pres. act. impf.-ē
-ĕ
-ī
-āte / 2ndpl. pres. act. impf.
-ēte
-ĕte
-īte
Exercise
Parse and translate.
1. Turbā!6. Inclūdite!
2. Turbāte!7. Cōnicie!
3. Timē!8. Cōniciete!
4. Timēte!9. Dormī!
5. Inclūde!10. Dormīte!
Vocabulary
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
CHAPTER 12: THE PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE
On the present stem is formed the present active infinitive. (This has already been met with in Chapters 1-2.)
ENDING / PARSE / TRANSLATIONdamnāre / pres. act. inf. / to condemn
terrēre / to scare
dīcĕre / to say
audīre / to hear
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1. Turbāre.
2. Timēre.
3. Inclūdere.
4. Cōnicere.
5. Dormīre.
Exercise 2
Translate.
1. To name.
2. To seize.
3. To tell.
4. To scare.
5. To kill.
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
CHAPTER 13: HOW TO FIND THE SUPINE STEM
1. The perfect passive participle is the 4th p-part.
2. The 4th p-part ends in us and is translated as “-ed.”
Exercise 1
Translate the perfect passive participles.
1. cadō, cadere, cecidī, fall
2. calefaciō, calefacere, calefēcī, calefactus, make hot
3. cantō, cantāre, cantāvī, cantātus, sing
4. capiō, capere, cēpī, captus, take
5. carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptus, pluck
6. caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautus, beware
7. cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī, cēlātus, hide, conceal
8. cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātus, dine
9. cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsus, think
10. cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētus, discern
11. cingō, cingere, cinxī, cinctus, surround
12. circumdō, circumdare, circumdedī, circumdatus, surround
13. circumstō, circumstāre, circumstetī, stand around
3. The supine stem is found by detaching us (or um) from the 4th p-part.
Ex. The supine stem of aedifico is found by detaching us from aedificātus: aedificāt.
Exercise 2
1. clāmitō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātus, call out
2. cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātus, think over
3. cōgnōscō, cōgnōscere, cōgnōvī, cōgnitus, find out
4. cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel
5. cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus, encourage, exhort
6. colō, colere, coluī, cultus, inhabit
7. committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, commit, intrust
8. commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtus, move, disturb
9. comparō, comparāre, comparāvī, comparātus, prepare, collect
10. compellō, compellere, compulī, compulsus, drive together, drive
THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH TO LATIN
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