St Peter the Apostle

High School

CfE Higher Human Biology

UNIT 4

Immunology and Public Health

Key Area 4.1:

Non-specific Defences

HOMEWORK

  1. The diagram below illustrates the fluid mosaic model of a plasma membrane.

Substance Z is an antigen.

(i)What is an antigen?(1)

(ii)Explain the difference between self and non-self antigens.(2)

  1. Which of the following is a cell which engulfs bacteria?(1)

AB – lymphocyte

BT – lymphocyte

CLysosome

DPhagocyte

  1. Which of the following types of white blood cell is involved in a non-specific immune response which causes apoptosis in invading pathogens? (1)

APhagocytes

BB lymphocytes

CT lymphocytes

DNatural killer cells

  1. The flow chart below outlines some non-specific defence responses which occur when tissue is damaged and invaded by bacteria.

(a)Describe how histamine changes the arteries and capillaries to bring about the effects shown in the flow chart. (2)

(b)Describe the role of cytokines in the inflammatory response.(3)

(c)Describe the role of natural killer (NK) cells in apoptosis. (2)

  1. Describe non-specific defences that the body uses to protect itself from pathogens. (10)
  1. Describe the role of mast cells and histamine and cytokines in the inflammatory response. (5)

St Peter the Apostle High School

CfE Higher Human Biology

UNIT 4

Immunology and Public Health

Key Area 4.2:

Specific Cellular Defences

HOMEWORK


  1. Lymphocytes act in the defence of the body by(1)

Aingesting toxins

Bingesting pathogens

Cproducing lysosomes

Dproducing antibodies

  1. Which of the following is an immune response(1)

AT-lymphocytes secreting antigens

BT-lymphocytes carrying out phagocytosis

CB-lymphocytes combining with foreign antigens

DB-lymphocytes producing antibodies

  1. The diagram below represents the body’s response to BCG vaccination against tuberculosis.

(a)(i) Where does B – cell activation occur?(1)

(ii) What feature of the injected bacteria activates the B – cells?(1)

(b) Name the protein molecule Y secreted by the plasma membrane and state its function. (1)

Protein Y –

Function –

(c) What is the function of memory B – cells in the immune response?(2)

(d) Why do the bacteria present in the vaccine not cause tuberculosis?(1)

(e) How does passive immunity differ from BCG immunisation?(2)

  1. The diagram below represents an immune response following a viral invasion.

(a)(i) Name the defence cells which are mobilised during this response.(1)

(ii) What feature of the invading virus is recognised by the defence cells?(1)

(iii)Name the cell secretions which destroy viruses.(1)

(b)If the same virus invades the body again, a secondary immune response occurs. How does this response differ from the primary response? (2)

  1. The diagram below shows a section through a lymph node.

(a)Complete the table below to naming the cells, and describing their functions.(2)

(b) Draw a simplified version of the diagram and add an arrow to indicate the direction of flow of lymph in vessel X.

Give a reason for your choice.(1)

(c)Describe one way in which the composition of lymph differs from plasma.(1)

(d)What eventually happens to the lymph after it leaves the gland?(1)

(e)Describe one function of the lymphatic system, apart from protecting the body from infection. (1)

  1. The diagram below shows three stages in an immune response.

(a) (i) What type of white blood cell carries out the immune response shown?(1)

(ii) What name is given to foreign molecules which stimulate the immune response?(1)

(b)Describe two responses made by the white blood cell as a result of the attachment of the foreign molecules. (2)

(c)A person was injected with a vaccine on day 1 and again on day 36 of a 70 day clinical trial. The table below shows the concentration of antibodies to this vaccine in this person’s blood at the end of each 7 day period during the trial.

(i)How many times greater was the maximum antibody concentration following the second injection compared with the maximum concentration following the first? (1)

Space for calculation

times

(ii)The second injection caused a higher concentration of antibody to be produced than the first injection.

Identify two other differences in the response to the second injection.(2)

(iii)State two improvements that would need to be made to this trial to ensure that the findings were statistically significant. (2)

  1. The diagram below shows an influenza virus.

(a) This virus can be used to prepare a polio vaccine. In order to do this, the nucleic acid must be broken up, but the surface proteins must be left intact.

Explain why it is necessary to:

(i)break up the nucleic acid(1)

(ii)leave the surface proteins intact(1)

(b) The average diameter of a red blood cell is 7 µm.

By how many times is a red blood cell bigger than an influenza virus? (1µm = 1000m)

Space for calculation(1)

Times

(c) After an influenza epidemic, two individuals X and Y, were found to possess antibodies against this strain of influenza. X had recently recovered from flu while Y had been given a vaccine against it.

Complete the following sentences by selecting the correct option from each pair shown in bold. (2)

The immunity gained by X is active/passiveand naturally/artificially acquired.

The immunity gained by is active/passiveand naturally/artificially acquired.

(d) A different vaccine is required against each strain of the influenza virus.

Suggest why different vaccines are required.(1)

(e) Researchers are attempting to develop a new vaccine which will be effective against all strains of the influenza virus. Trials of this new vaccine have shown that it increases the activity of T-lymphocytes in the body.

Describe the method by which T-lymphocytes combat infection.(1)

  1. The diagram below shows blood from a person who has been infected by bacteria. These bacteria have triggered an immune response involving proteins P and Q.

(a) (i) Identify proteins P and Q.(1)

P Q

(ii) Cell R produced protein Q.

Name this type of cell.(1)

(iii)Describe the role of the following cells in combating infection.(2)

(b) Describe what happens during an autoimmune response.(1)

  1. The uptake of vaccine against measles and the number of reported cases of measles in Scotland over a ten year period is show in the table below:

Year / Vaccine Uptake (%) / Number of reported cases (all ages)
2002 / 93.0 / 395
2003 / 91.0 / 315
2004 / 90.0 / 396
2005 / 87.5 / 412
2006 / 83.0 / 530
2007 / 79.5 / 792
2008 / 86.0 / 482
2009 / 91.5 / 322
2010 / 95.0 / 112

(a)Draw a line graph of this information (Hint- you will need to create a graph with two Y axe, one for each set of information) (3)

(b)Describe the trend in vaccine uptake between 2001 and 2009.(1)

(c)(i)Use the data in the graph to justify the following statement:

‘As vaccine uptake increases, the number of reported cases falls.’(2)

(ii)Are there any results which contradict this statement?(1)

(d)Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of reported cases of measles from 2002 to 2003. (1)

(e)Explain what is meant by the term herd immunity.(1)

  1. Multiple sclerosis is an example of an autoimmune condition.

Find out the following about MS and make a short note in your jotter (this part has no marks, you will be given feedback on your notes)

(a)What part of the body does MS affect?

(b)How will this affect the person with MS (symptoms)?

(c)What are the recommended treatments for MS?

(d)What can people do to help themselves if they have MS?

Epidemiology Research Task

The epidemiology of an infectious disease is the study of its characteristics such as:

  • The location associated with its initial outbreak
  • Its pattern (sporadic, endemic, epidemic or pandemic) and speed of spread
  • Its geographical distribution

Epidemiologists then use this data to help them identify appropriate control measures. These could include:

  • Suggested means of preventing transmission from person to person and region to region
  • Appropriate drug therapy for people already infected
  • Immunisation for people not affected

Task 1: Research the epidemiology of a chosen disease and identify the control measures that have been put in place to reduce its transmission.

You can choose from the suggested list below or investigate any other disease.

Task 2: Present this information in ANY way you choose – this could be a short film, animation, talk (with or without PowerPoint Presentation), leaflet created in Publisher or even a well designed information poster.

Suggested List of Diseases:

  • Malaria
  • Swine Flu/Avian Flu (or if you are into History there are great historic Influenza Outbreaks)
  • Ebola
  • E. coli 0157 H7
  • Cholera
  • Typhus
  • Typhoid
  • HIV
  • STDs such as Chlamydia, Gonorrhea etc.
  • Plague
  • Tuberculosis
  • Botulism
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Ringworm
  • Impetigo
  • Sleeping Sickness
  • Amoebic Dysentery

St Peter the Apostle

High School

CfE Higher Human Biology

UNIT 4

Immunology and Public Health

Key Area 4.3: Transmission and control of infectious diseases

HOMEWORK

  1. The graph below shows the number of cases of meningitis and deaths due to meningitis in the UK from 1998 to 2001. (1)

In which year was the number of deaths from meningitis less than 10% of the number of cases?

A1998

B1999

C2000

D2001

  1. When a disease occurs regularly in an area it is classified as being(1)

Asporadic

Bpandemic

Cepidemic

Dendemic

  1. The table below contains information about the number of cases of influenza in Dundee over a five year period. (1)

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data in the table?

AThere are always more cases of influenza in January than in July.

BThe number of cases of influenza decreased by 75% between January and July of 2005.

CThe greatest percentage decrease in influenza cases occurred between January and July of 2003.

DThe greatest percentage increase in influenza cases occurred between July 2002 and January 2003.

  1. Which line in the table below classifies correctly the terms which describe the spread of infectious diseases? (1)
  1. Two groups of subjects were used when carrying out clinical trials of a vaccine. One group was given the vaccine while the other group was given a placebo. (1)

The purpose of the placebo was to

Areduce experimental error

Bensure a valid comparison can be made

Callow a statistical analysis of the results to be made

Densure that the researchers are unaware who had been vaccinated

  1. The graphs below sow the effect of two injections of an antigen on the formation of an antibody.

How many days after the second injection does the concentration of antibody in the blood reach the maximum achieved after the first injection? (1)

A3 days

B6 days

C20 days

D30 days

  1. The table below contains data about a worldwide infection in 2009.

How many people in the world had this infectionat the start of 2010?(1)

A35.9 x106

B34.1x106

C33.3x106

D31.5x106

  1. Several outbreaks of infectious diseases are described in the table below. Complete the table by matching the following words classifying the spread of infectious diseases to the correct description. (2)

EpidemicPandemicEndemicSporadic

Description / Spread of Infection
An outbreak of chicken pox in the UK
The outbreak of ‘whooping cough’ in Shetland in 2013
The outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa in 2014
The global spread of HIV
  1. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it.

Clinical trials of a new drug

A large pharmaceutical company designed a new drug, Q, to treat moderate-to-severe, allergic asthma in sufferers whose condition was barely or inadequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. During the development process, the company ran a clinical trial.

Phase I involved trying out drug Q on a small number of healthy volunteers who received financial incentives. In phase II, Q was administered to a large number of unpaid, asthma sufferers who continued to use their inhalers when necessary. Phase III took the form of a placebo controlled trial involving a very large number of asthma sufferers who continued to inhale corticosteroids as required. Half received drug Q and half received a placebo.

The results of phase III showed that patients treated with Q over a 48-week period suffered significantly fewer asthma attacks and made much less use of their inhalers than the control group. AT the end of the trial, 45% of sufferers using Q were able to discontinue steroid treatment compared with 7% of the placebo group. The results also indicated that Q was well tolerated and that the frequency of adverse effects was low and similar to that of the control group.

a)Give three differences between the phase I and phase II stages of the clinical trial described in the passage. (3)

b)What is the reason for including the control group in phase II?(2)

c)What is the evidence in the passage that drug Q is ‘fit for purpose?’(2)

d)i)What is a placebo?

ii)Suggest why 7% of the placebo group were able to discontinue the use of inhaled corticosteroids at the end of the phase III clinical trial. (2)

e)i)In general, would drug Q be better as an addition or an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids for sufferers of allergic asthma?

ii)Justify your choice of answer.(2)

  1. In some placebo-controlled, clinical trials, the phase III test population is divided at random into three groups, as follows:

-The natural history group (N) who received no treatment of any kind and whose condition is allowed to run its natural course.

-The placebo group (P) who receive a placebo that convincingly stimulates the actual drug but lacks the active ingredient.

-The active group (A) who receive the drug containing the active ingredient.

Complete the blanks in the following statements using the letters N,P or A.

a)The extent of the placebo effect is indicated by the difference in the results between ___ and ___. (1)

b)The efficacy of the drug’s active ingredient is indicated by the difference in results between ___ and ___. (1)

c)The overall effect of the treatment, the drug and its active ingredient is indicated by the different in results between ___ and ___. (1)

  1. Through the course of evolution, pathogens can develop methods of evading specific immune responses.

Using a named example of a pathogen describe how antigenic variation helps the pathogen evade the host’s immune response. (3)

  1. HIV uses the method of direct attack on the immune system.
  2. What cells does the HIV virus attack?(1)
  3. How does this method help them evade the immune response?(1)
  4. How would a medical professional define the difference between a person with HIV and a person with AIDS? (1)
  1. Give an account of infectious diseases under the following headings:

(i)the classification of the spread of diseases;(3)

(ii)the transmission of disease;(3)

(iii)the control of disease.(4)

St Peter the Apostle

High School

CfE Higher Human Biology

UNIT 4

Immunology and Public Health

Key Area 4.4:Immunisation, vaccination and evasion of immune response

HOMEWORK

  1. Adjuvants are often added to vaccines to(1)

Amake the vaccine safer

Benhance the immune response

Cmake immunity last for a longer time

Densure the vaccine contains no live pathogen

  1. In a clinical trial of a vaccine, researchers placed volunteers into two groups.

Each group contained individuals of matched ages.

The researchers then gave group A an injection of the vaccine and group B an injection of a dilute sugar solution.

Which of the following protocols was used in this trial?(1)

APlacebo controls

BPedigree analysis

CDouble blind design

DRandomised allocation

  1. On which of the following does the herd immunity threshold not depend?(1)

AType of disease

BPopulation density

CEffectiveness of the vaccine

DQuarantine of non-immune individuals

  1. Concerns about the MMR vaccine caused the percentage of children in the UK immunised against measles, mumps and rubella to fall below the critical level of 80% between 2000 and 2005. As a result, outbreaks of these viral diseases occurred in various parts of the country.

(a)(i) State what is present in an injection of vaccine.(1)

(ii) Explain how the process of vaccination prevents a child from showing symptoms of mumps during future outbreaks of the disease. (1)

(iii) Suggest why these diseases spread more rapidly when the vaccination level falls below 80%. (1)

(b)Unlike the MMR vaccine, a different vaccine is required against each strain of the influenza virus.

(i)Suggest why different vaccines are required (1)

(ii) Give the reason why a vaccine for influenza should be given annually. (1)

(c)Researchers are attempting to develop a new vaccine which will be effective against all strains of the influenza virus. Trials of this new vaccine have shown that it increases the activity of T-lymphocytes in the body.

Describe two ways in which T-lymphocytes combat infection.(2)

(d)Clinical trials of vaccines use several different design protocols. Describe how the correct protocols would be set up for:

  1. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial.(1)
  2. A double-blind trial.(1)
  1. Through the course of evolution, pathogens can develop methods of evading specific immune responses.

Using a named example of a pathogen describe how antigenic variation helps the pathogen evade the host’s immune response. (3)

  1. HIV uses the method of direct attack on the immune system.

(a)What cells does the HIV virus attack?(1)

(b)How does this method help them evade the immune response?(1)

(c)How would a medical professional define the difference between a person with HIV and a person with AIDS? (1)

  1. Describe the importance of herd immunity in the control of infectious disease.(5)