BVD – need to update the following sections
Effect:
Depending on the stage of gestation when infected, BVD may result in early embryonic death, abortion, premature births, or the birth of weak young. Transplacental infection in the first four months of gestation will lead to persistently infected (PI) animals, which may appear clinically normal but shed virus. BVD infection can lead to respiratory disease. In some situations, a severe and deadly form of disease, called mucosal disease, can result from BVD.
How is BVD spread?
The virus is spread animal to animal through secretions and excretions. Transmission can occur through semen and embryo transfer. Use semen only from bull studs that follow the Certified Semen Services health requirements. Virus can also be spread by fomites, e.g. on hands, clothes, and footwear.
Links are all okay. Prefer to have open in new window.
Bovine Leukosis
Effect:
Infection likely occurs in newborns, but less than one in twenty offspring of infected animals will show clinical signs of the disease in their lifetime. In the lymphosarcoma form of disease, infected animals develop tumors in the uterus, abomasum, or heart. In the leukemia form of disease, they have an abnormally high number of white blood cells in circulation. Advanced stages of the disease may be signaled by weight loss, decreased milk production, enlarged lymph nodes, paralysis in hind legs, and fever. Leukosis is a common cause for carcass condemnation at slaughter.
How is Bovine Leukosis spread?:
The disease is blood borne and can be spread by direct transfer of blood from one animal to another by way of an insect vector (e.g. horseflies), contaminated needles, dehorners, or ear taggers. Congenital infection is seen in less than one in ten calves born to positive dams. The virus is not transmitted by semen.
USDA link needs updated to: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_BLV.pdf
Johne’s disease
Add to first link: University of Wisconsin Johne’s Information Center
New link for new Uniform standards: http://www.johnesdisease.org/Uniform%20Program%20Standards%20for%20the%20Voluntary%20Bovine%20National%20Johne%27s%20Disease%20Program.pdf
UVM Extension link instead of Vt CHIP link: in progress
Neosporosis – all looks okay
Mastitis – small change to this section and a link
What if there is an outbreak? Strep. ag. can be eradicated from a herd by using appropriate antibiotic therapy. Staph. aureus, on the other hand, is quite resistant to antibiotic therapy. Staph-positive cows should be segregated into their own string. Mycoplasma, too, is resistant to antibiotic therapy. Cows with Myco should be segregated or culled.
USDA link needs updated to: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy07/Dairy07_is_ContMastitis.pdf
Oct 25
Ringworm
CAUSE: Ringworm is not a worm; it is a fungus that infects skin and hair. Several pathogenic fungal organisms cause ringworm. The one most common in cattle is Tricophyton verrucosum.
EFFECT: The infection causes patches of hair loss and gray scaling or crusted lesions, most commonly around the head and neck.
References: please remove the Cattle Today link
Crypto
This fact sheet does not need changes.
Giardia
Add reference: Giardia: A Common Waterborne Disease http://www.aces.edu/dept/extcomm/newspaper/feb1b02.html
Salmonellosis
EFFECT: insert “sometimes” before “death”
Not sure whether to correct the nomenclature as per second reference.
E coli O157:H7
EFFECT: Shiga-toxin producing E. Coli, like O157:H7, produce powerful toxins . . .
Add reference: Public health concerns with E. coli and Salmonella
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/O157DT104/O157DT104index.html
Campylobacteriosis
Can Campylobacteriosis affect people? Yes, this is among the leading causes of bacterial diarrheal disease in the world. This bacteria can cause diarrhea, fever, and cramping. Symptomatic treatment generally leads to recovery. Complications are rare.
Update references:
WHO link should be: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/campylobacteriosis/en/
Leptospirosis
Can Leptospirosis affect people? Change “occupation” to “occupational”
Add reference: CDC: Leptospirosis
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g.htm
Listeriosis
EFFECT: Listeria that are inhaled or ingested are associated with septicemia (blood infections) or abortions. Intestinal infection may cause no signs although the animal is shedding organisms in feces. Inflammation of the brain, encephalitis, is commonly recognized as “circling” disease in cattle. Listeriosis can also affect sheep and goats.
References
Remove Cattle Today reference. Replace with OIE factsheet posted on CFSPH website:
OIE: Listeriosis
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/listeriosis.pdf
November 24, 2010
Rabies
Effect: Need to add: Clinically affected animals will die of the disease, if not euthanized first.
How can rabies be prevented? 3rd sentence should be changed to read:
Rabies has been found sporadically in farm animals in Vermont.
Links:
CDC Fact Sheet: Rabies should be relabeled WHO Fact Sheet on Rabies
Rabies in Vermont: [please add this descriptor] A historic listing of animals testing positive can be found through the “Related Information” link at the top right of this site.
West Nile Virus
How can West Nile Virus be prevented? Page reference should link to mosquito page http://www.uvm.edu/~99kchene/?Page=Wildlife/Mosquitoes.html&SM=submenuwildlife.html
Can West Nile Virus affect people? [replace current text with the following] Yes. Over 900 cases and less than 50 deaths were reported in 2010. Case reports are tabulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [not sure where link should be]
USDA APHIS provides Equine West Nile Virus surveillance data on this site
Brucellosis
How can Brucellosis be prevented? [Add new sentence at end.] Bison and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area (WY, ID, and MT) carry Brucella abortus so they are managed to avoid contact with domestic cattle.
[add the following link]
USDA APHIS Cattle and Bison Fact Sheet
Bovine TB
How is Bovine TB spread? Change “mucus” to “mucous”
I could change some things but it gets into a political muddle so I’m going to leave it well enough alone.
Bluetongue
Replace Queensland link with OIE Bluetongue technical disease card http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/Technical%20disease%20cards/BLUETONGUE_FINAL.pdf
Anaplasmosis
caused by a rickettsial organism
Can Anaplasmosis affect people? Anaplasma marginale does not affect humans but other Anaplasma species do.
What if there is an outbreak? Anaplasmosis has generally been considered a tropical and subtropical disease. The discovery of Anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle in New York state is a reminder of the importance of biosecurity.
Remove Cattle Today link
Add Anaplasmosis in a New York dairy cow link http://www.bovinevetonline.com/news_editorial.asp?pgID=728&ed_id=5657
Add Texas AgriLife Extension Anaplasmosis fact sheet http://animalscience.tamu.edu/images/pdf/beef/beef-anaplasmosis.pdf
December 20, 2010
Psoroptic mange
Effects: add “in” before “cattle” in first sentence
Vesicular stomatitis
Fine as is
Bovine Spongiform Encepholopathy or Mad Cow Disease
(add the BSE part to the title)
Cause: Mad Cow Disease is caused by the consumption of feed contamination with the infective agent. The causative agent is believed to be a prion, or an abnormal protein. A few cases have been found in the US and Canada.
What if there is an outbreak?
If a case is identified, the USDA will investigate and trace all related animals and animals potentially fed contaminated feed. Potentially affected animals will be slaughtered. The ramifications of losing export markets is costly for all producers, not just those who happen to have affected animals.
For more information on Mad Cow Disease, see:
Delete Cattle Today reference
Add The Cow That Stole Christmas http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2003/2003-12-24-02.html
Add Trade Effects of BSE http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp/BSE/bse.html
Merck and USDA brochure ok (may want to note that USDA link is a strange version of a brochure)
Chronic Wasting Disease
Fine as is
Mad Cow vs FMD /Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Last sentence before more information needs updated:
Chronic Wasting Disease is under surveillance. A few cases of Mad Cow Disease were identified between 2003 and 2006. No new cases in US cattle have been reported since 2006.