BSC 2010 Integrated Principles of Biology I

This is a terms list from the first nine lectures. I do not guarantee it to be complete and it certainly does not include everything you need to know. But you might find it useful as a study aid.

Introduction

Stem Cell Research

Cloning

Global Warming

Biological Warfare

Order

Emergent properties

Metabolism

Irritability

Growth and Development

Common Genetic Code

Biosphere

Biome

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

Organ Systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Membranes

Molecules

Atoms

Anabolic Metabolism

Catabolic Metabolism

DNA

Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Organelles

Taxonomy

Three Domains of Life

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Evolution

Adaptation

Variation
Natural selection

Differential reproduction

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection

Descent with modification

Struggle for limited resources (Competition)
Gene Pool

Mutation
The Tree of Life

Chemistry

Matter

Element

Molecule

Compound

Essential Elements of Life

Atom

Subatomic Particles

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

Isotopes

Electron orbitals

Energy Levels

Reactive Energy Level

Valence Orbital

Valence Number

Valence Electrons

Electron Shells

Inert

Stable Atoms

Bonding Rules

Covalent Bonds

Polar Covalent Bonds

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Single bond

Double bond

Electronegativity

Hydrocarbons

Ionic Bonds

Electron transfer

Ions

Anion

Cation

Crystal

Ionic Compounds

Salts

Weak Chemical Bonds

Polarity

Hydrogen Bonds

Van der Waals Interactions

Water

Solvent of Life

Solvent

Solute

Aqueous

Polarity of Water Molecules

Cohesion

Surface Tension

Adhesion

Water resists rupturing

Water resists changes in temperature

Water expands when it freezes

Water is a versatile solvent

Specific Heat

Evaporative Cooling

Heat of Vaporization

Aqueous Solution

Ionic Solutes

Polar Solutes

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Proton

Hydrogen Ion

Neutral

Acids

Bases

The pH Scale

Buffers

The internal pH of most living cells

Must remain close to pH 7

Buffers

Carbon

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon Chains

Carbon Rings

Hydrocarbons

Functional groups

Hydroxyl -OH; alcohols

Carbonyl >CO; aldehydes and ketones

Carboxyl -COOH; carboxylic (organic) acids

Amino –NH2; amines

Sulfhydryl -SH; thiols

Phosphate –OPO32-; organic phosphates

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates – sugars and their polymers

Lipids – diverse group of nonpolar molecules

Proteins – polymers of amino acids

Nucleic Acids –polymers of nucleotides

Polymers

Monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Disaccharides = dimers

Disaccharides

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Polysaccharides = polymers

Storage Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Structural Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Glycosidic Linkage

Chitin

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules

Fats, Oils, Waxes

Triglycerides

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

Saturated

Unsaturated

Phospholipids

Phosphate group

Hydrophilic “head”

Hydrophobic “tails”

Amphipathic

Cell Membranes

Phospholipid bilayer

Steroids

Cholesterol

Steroid Hormones

Estrogen

Testosterone

Progesterone

Anabolic Steroid

Bile Acids

Prostaglandins

Arachidonic acid

Proteins

Protein Structure

Protein Function

Proteins

Amino Acids

Polypeptides

Peptide Linkage

Enzymes

R groups

Primary structure

Secondary structure

H-bonds between peptide linkages

a helix

b pleated sheet

Tertiary structure

Results from interactions between the R groups of amino acids

Quaternary structure

Chaperonins

Denaturation

Sickle-Cell Disease

Nucleic Acids

Genes

Polynucleotides

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Nucleotides

Nucleosides

Phosphate Groups

Nitrogenous Base

Pentose Sugar

Pyrimidines

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

Purines

Adenine

Guanine
Double Helix

Base-Pairing Rules

AMP, ADP, ATP
NAD

cAMP

Lipoproteins

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

Glycoproteins

Cell

Fundamental Unit of Life

Cell Theory

Robert Hooke - 1665

Loreza Oken - 1805

Schleiden & Schwann - 1839

Virchow – 1855

Microscopy

Biochemistry

Cytology

Microscopes

Light Microscopes

Visualization Enhancement

Electron microscopes

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Cell Fractionation

Cytosol

Plasma Membrane

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Membrane-bound Organelles

Surface Area/Volume Ratio

Selective Permeability

Invagination of cell membranes

Mesosomes
Endosymbiotic theory
Specialization of cells

Differentiation of cells

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytosol

Genes

Chromosomes

Chromatin

Nucleoli

Nuclear Envelope

Ribosomes

Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lumen

Cisternal Space

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

messengerRNA (mRNA)

Translation

ribosomalRNA (rRNA)

Small Ribosomal Subunit

Large Ribosomal Subunit

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Cis-face

Trans-face

Transport vesicles

Cisternae

Lysosomes

Vesicles

Food Vacuoles

Phagocytosis

Autophagy

Hydrolytic Enzymes

Pumping of Protons

Intracellular Digestion

Tay-Sachs disease

Vacuoles

Contractile Vacuoles

Central Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

Oxidative Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Chemical Energy Conversion

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Plastids

Photosynthetic Pigments

Chlorophyll

Carotenoids

Leukoplasts

Chromoplasts

Chloroplasts

Thylakoids

Stroma

Peroxisomes

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Tubulin Subunits

Cilia

Flagella

9 + 2 Arrangement

9 Triplet Arrangement

Basal Bodies

Centrioles

Centrosomes

“microtubule-organizing center”

Spindle Fibers

Motor Proteins

Dynein

Ciliary/flagellar motion

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

Microvilli

Microfilaments of muscle

Microfilaments (Myosin Filaments)

Amoeboid Motion

Pseudopodia

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Intermediate Filaments

Keratin

Extracellular Components

Cell Connections

Cell Walls

Cellulose fibers

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Glycoproteins

Self-recognition

Membrane-membrane interactions

Tissue glue

Intercellular Junctions

Plasmodesmata

Tight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

The Plasma Membrane – Structure and Function

Phospholipid bilayer.

Phospholipids

Amphipathic

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Fluid-Mosaic Model

Transport Proteins

Channels

Carriers

Receptors

Hormones

Cell-cell recognition

H-Y antigen

Blood types (ABO)

Rh factor.

Membrane Carbohydrates

Membrane-membrane interactions

Tissue glue

Extracellular Matrix

Membrane Models

Davson-Danielli sandwich model

Singer and Nicolson

Freeze-fracture studies

Fluidity of Membranes

Saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids

Cholesterol

Proteins Functions

Transport

Enzymes

Signal Transduction

Cell-cell recognition

Attachment

Intercellular junctions

Integral proteins

Transmembrane proteins

Peripheral proteins

Sidedness of Membranes

Endomembrane system

Selective Permeability

Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer

Things that pass easily through the bilayer:

1. small non-polar molecules (hydrocarbons, O2, N2)

2. small polar uncharged molecules (H2O, CO2, glycerol, urea)

Things that don’t pass easily through the bilayer: (Require transport)

1. large polar molecules (glucose)

2. ions (H+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, PO42-)

Transport Proteins

Passive Transport

Active Transport

ATP

Diffusion

Concentration Gradient

Osmosis

Water Balance

Tonicity

Relative Concentration

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Osmoregulation

Turgidity

Flaccidity

Plasmolysis

Facilitated Diffusion

Channel proteins

Carrier proteins

Protein pumps

Cotransport

Sodium/Potassium Pump

Proton pump

Membrane Potential

Electrochemical Gradients

Electrogenic pumps

Bulk Transport

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis - (cell eating)

Pinocytosis - (cell drinking)

Receptor-mediated endocytosis