This is a terms list from the first nine lectures. I do not guarantee it to be complete and it certainly does not include everything you need to know. But you might find it useful as a study aid.
Introduction
Stem Cell Research
Cloning
Global Warming
Biological Warfare
Order
Emergent properties
Metabolism
Irritability
Growth and Development
Common Genetic Code
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Membranes
Molecules
Atoms
Anabolic Metabolism
Catabolic Metabolism
DNA
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Organelles
Taxonomy
Three Domains of Life
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Evolution
Adaptation
Variation
Natural selection
Differential reproduction
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection
Descent with modification
Struggle for limited resources (Competition)
Gene Pool
Mutation
The Tree of Life
Chemistry
Matter
Element
Molecule
Compound
Essential Elements of Life
Atom
Subatomic Particles
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Isotopes
Electron orbitals
Energy Levels
Reactive Energy Level
Valence Orbital
Valence Number
Valence Electrons
Electron Shells
Inert
Stable Atoms
Bonding Rules
Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
Non-polar Covalent Bonds
Single bond
Double bond
Electronegativity
Hydrocarbons
Ionic Bonds
Electron transfer
Ions
Anion
Cation
Crystal
Ionic Compounds
Salts
Weak Chemical Bonds
Polarity
Hydrogen Bonds
Van der Waals Interactions
Water
Water
Solvent of Life
Solvent
Solute
Aqueous
Polarity of Water Molecules
Cohesion
Surface Tension
Adhesion
Water resists rupturing
Water resists changes in temperature
Water expands when it freezes
Water is a versatile solvent
Specific Heat
Evaporative Cooling
Heat of Vaporization
Aqueous Solution
Ionic Solutes
Polar Solutes
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
pH
Proton
Hydrogen Ion
Neutral
Acids
Bases
The pH Scale
Buffers
The internal pH of most living cells
Must remain close to pH 7
Buffers
Carbon
Carbon Skeletons
Carbon Chains
Carbon Rings
Hydrocarbons
Functional groups
Hydroxyl -OH; alcohols
Carbonyl >CO; aldehydes and ketones
Carboxyl -COOH; carboxylic (organic) acids
Amino –NH2; amines
Sulfhydryl -SH; thiols
Phosphate –OPO32-; organic phosphates
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates – sugars and their polymers
Lipids – diverse group of nonpolar molecules
Proteins – polymers of amino acids
Nucleic Acids –polymers of nucleotides
Polymers
Monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides = dimers
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Polysaccharides = polymers
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycosidic Linkage
Chitin
Lipids
Hydrophobic molecules
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Triglycerides
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Saturated
Unsaturated
Phospholipids
Phosphate group
Hydrophilic “head”
Hydrophobic “tails”
Amphipathic
Cell Membranes
Phospholipid bilayer
Steroids
Cholesterol
Steroid Hormones
Estrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone
Anabolic Steroid
Bile Acids
Prostaglandins
Arachidonic acid
Proteins
Protein Structure
Protein Function
Proteins
Amino Acids
Polypeptides
Peptide Linkage
Enzymes
R groups
Primary structure
Secondary structure
H-bonds between peptide linkages
a helix
b pleated sheet
Tertiary structure
Results from interactions between the R groups of amino acids
Quaternary structure
Chaperonins
Denaturation
Sickle-Cell Disease
Nucleic Acids
Genes
Polynucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleotides
Nucleosides
Phosphate Groups
Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Purines
Adenine
Guanine
Double Helix
Base-Pairing Rules
AMP, ADP, ATP
NAD
cAMP
Lipoproteins
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
Glycoproteins
Cell
Fundamental Unit of Life
Cell Theory
Robert Hooke - 1665
Loreza Oken - 1805
Schleiden & Schwann - 1839
Virchow – 1855
Microscopy
Biochemistry
Cytology
Microscopes
Light Microscopes
Visualization Enhancement
Electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Cell Fractionation
Cytosol
Plasma Membrane
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Membrane-bound Organelles
Surface Area/Volume Ratio
Selective Permeability
Invagination of cell membranes
Mesosomes
Endosymbiotic theory
Specialization of cells
Differentiation of cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytosol
Genes
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Nuclear Envelope
Ribosomes
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lumen
Cisternal Space
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
messengerRNA (mRNA)
Translation
ribosomalRNA (rRNA)
Small Ribosomal Subunit
Large Ribosomal Subunit
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Cis-face
Trans-face
Transport vesicles
Cisternae
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Food Vacuoles
Phagocytosis
Autophagy
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Pumping of Protons
Intracellular Digestion
Tay-Sachs disease
Vacuoles
Contractile Vacuoles
Central Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
Oxidative Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Chemical Energy Conversion
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Plastids
Photosynthetic Pigments
Chlorophyll
Carotenoids
Leukoplasts
Chromoplasts
Chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Stroma
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Tubulin Subunits
Cilia
Flagella
9 + 2 Arrangement
9 Triplet Arrangement
Basal Bodies
Centrioles
Centrosomes
“microtubule-organizing center”
Spindle Fibers
Motor Proteins
Dynein
Ciliary/flagellar motion
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
Microvilli
Microfilaments of muscle
Microfilaments (Myosin Filaments)
Amoeboid Motion
Pseudopodia
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Intermediate Filaments
Keratin
Extracellular Components
Cell Connections
Cell Walls
Cellulose fibers
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Glycoproteins
Self-recognition
Membrane-membrane interactions
Tissue glue
Intercellular Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
The Plasma Membrane – Structure and Function
Phospholipid bilayer.
Phospholipids
Amphipathic
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Transport Proteins
Channels
Carriers
Receptors
Hormones
Cell-cell recognition
H-Y antigen
Blood types (ABO)
Rh factor.
Membrane Carbohydrates
Membrane-membrane interactions
Tissue glue
Extracellular Matrix
Membrane Models
Davson-Danielli sandwich model
Singer and Nicolson
Freeze-fracture studies
Fluidity of Membranes
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Cholesterol
Proteins Functions
Transport
Enzymes
Signal Transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment
Intercellular junctions
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
Sidedness of Membranes
Endomembrane system
Selective Permeability
Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
Things that pass easily through the bilayer:
1. small non-polar molecules (hydrocarbons, O2, N2)
2. small polar uncharged molecules (H2O, CO2, glycerol, urea)
Things that don’t pass easily through the bilayer: (Require transport)
1. large polar molecules (glucose)
2. ions (H+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, PO42-)
Transport Proteins
Passive Transport
Active Transport
ATP
Diffusion
Concentration Gradient
Osmosis
Water Balance
Tonicity
Relative Concentration
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Osmoregulation
Turgidity
Flaccidity
Plasmolysis
Facilitated Diffusion
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
Protein pumps
Cotransport
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Proton pump
Membrane Potential
Electrochemical Gradients
Electrogenic pumps
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis - (cell eating)
Pinocytosis - (cell drinking)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis