Biology Honors Midterm Review
Chapter 1
Steps of the Scientific Method
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2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Control and Variable / Experimental Groups
1.) a group of subjects without the factor being tested-
2.) a group of subjects with the factor being tested-
3.) All other factors (except the variable) in the experiment must be kept ______.
Ways to Improve Experimental Design
1.)
2.)
3.)
Basic Units of Length, Mass, Volume, and Temperature in the Metric System
___ Length a. Gram
___ Mass b. Degrees
___ Volume c. Meter
___ Temperature d. Liter
___°C is the freezing point of water.
____°C is the boiling point of water.
Convert between Units within the Metric System
1.) 1000 cl = ___ L
2.) 1 g = ____ cg
3.) 8 kg = ______g
4.) 9 cl = _____ ml
5.) 5 cm = _____ mm
Hypothesis vs. Theory
A ______is a prediction of what you think the outcome of the experiment will be while a ______is a collaboration of accepted, identical conclusions by the work of many scientists over time (generations).
______develop throughout the process of the scientific method, and form once a ______is proven by many scientists.
Characteristics of Living Things
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2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Further Description of each of the Characteristics of Living Things
1.) What organisms are made of only one cell?
2.) What organisms are made of many cells?
3.) ______reproduction is completed with only one parent.
4.) ______reproduction is completed with two parents.
5.) ______is an increase in cell number or size.
6.) ______is a change as the organism grows.
7.) The process of making energy inside the cell is called ______.
8.) Energy is used for an organism to perform chemical reactions that are known as its ______.
9.) What is a metabolism that breaks down compounds into their smaller components?
10.) What is a metabolism that builds up smaller subunits into bigger compounds?
11.) What is the term for eliminating wastes that a cell makes?
12.) List two examples of excretion.
1.)
2.)
13.) An outside stimulus is something an organism reacts to to keep a stable condition known as ______.
14.) List three examples of homeostasis.
1.)
2.)
3.)
15.) What is the genetic code that is made of the same type of molecule for all organisms?
Types of Microscopes
______Microscope
• Uses light to view specimen
• Uses 2 lenses: ocular and objective lenses to focus and magnify specimen
• Used for viewing live or dead thin specimens, can see a single cell
• Magnifies up to 1000x
______or ______Microscope
• Uses light to view specimen
• Gives a 3-D image
• Can be used to view larger live or dead specimens
• Not capable of high definition / resolution
______Microscope
• Uses a beam of electrons to view specimen
• Capable of high magnifications
• Uses electromagnets to magnify and focus image
• Can only view dead specimens
What type of electron microscope scans the surface of the specimen and gives a 3-D image of the whole specimen?
What type of electron microscope sends a beam of electrons through a thin specimen and gives a 2-D image of internal cell parts?
Microscope Parts
_____ contains a magnifying lens a. Stage
_____ provides a magnification of 4x, 10x, or 40x b. Eyepiece / Ocular
_____ maintains the proper distance between c. Tube
the eyepiece / ocular and the objectives
_____ holds the objectives and can be rotated to d. Objective
change the magnification
_____ supports the slide being observed e. Nosepiece
_____ regulates the amount of light passing up f. Diaphragm
toward the eyepiece
_____ produces light or reflects light up toward g. Arm
the eyepiece / ocular
____supports the body tube h. Fine Adjustment
____ supports the microscope i. Coarse Adjustment
____ moves the body to focus the image j. Mirror
____ moves the body slightly to focus the image k. Base
Microscope Use
____ the area that can be seen by the eye / microscope a. Magnification
____ relates to the level of distinctness or clarity of a b. Cell Staining specimen through the microscope
____ the process that can be used to add color to a slide c. Resolution
to better view a specimen
____ can be calculated by multiplying the power of the d. Focus
ocular lens by the power of the objective lens being used
____ the ability to separate two objects that are close e. Field of View
together, or distinguish detail
Chapter 2
Important Properties of Matter
______is the basic unit of matter that can retain its chemical properties.
*Mass, Volume, Weight, and Density are all key properties of matter (this was not in our notes).
The Structure of an Atom
1.) Made up of subatomic particles:
____ Protons a. Neutrally charged / carry no charge
____ Neutrons b. Negatively charged
____ Electrons c. Positively charged
2.) _____ million atoms would make a row about ___ cm long (the width of your pinkie).
3.) ______and ______have about the same mass.
4.) An ______has 1/1840 the mass of a proton.
5.) ______and ______form at the nucleus / center of the atom.
6.) Atoms have an equal number of ______and ______.
Elements, Compounds, Isotopes, and Ions
1.) What is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom?
2.) What is Atomic Number?
3.) What is Mass Number?
4.) What is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions?
5.) What are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain?
6.) What is an atom that has a different number of protons and electrons?
7.) Is Na+ an isotope or an ion?
8.) Is 12H an ion or an isotope?
Electron Arrangement in Relation to an Atom's Reactivity
1.) Is an atom with a full valence shell more or less reactive than an atom with only one electron in its valence shell?
2.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its first shell?
3.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its second shell?
4.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its third (valence) shell?
Chemical Bonds
______is when atoms are bonded by a sharing of electrons.
______is an example of a compound made of these bonds.
______is when atoms are bonded by a transfer of electrons.
______is an example of a compound made of these bonds.
Balance Chemical Equations
Balance the following Chemical Equations:
1.) Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) form ammonia (NH3).
What are the reactant(s) and product(s) for this equation?
2.) When it is burned, natural gas (CH4) combines with oxygen gas (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
What are the reactant(s) and product(s) for this equation?
Important Properties of Water
1.) A water molecule is ______because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
2.) What is an attraction between molecules of the same substance?
3.) What is an attraction between molecules of different substances?
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
1.) What is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined?
2.) Components are evenly distributed, ions depressed in the water, forming a type of mixture called a ______.
3.) A ______is the substance that is dissolved.
4.) A ______is the substance in which the solute dissolves.
5.) ______are mixtures of water and non-dissolved material.
Acid, Base / Alkaline Solution, Neutralization, Buffers, and pH Scale
_____ any compound that forms H+ ions in solution; a. Neutralization
contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure
water and has a pH value below 7
_____ a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH– b. Buffers
ions) in solution; contains lower concentrations of
H+ ions than pure water and has a pH value above 7
_____ a chemical reaction in which an acid and a c. Base / Alkaline Solution
base interact with the formation of salt to make a
solution neutral
_____ weak acids or bases that can react with d. pH Scale
strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden
changes in pH
_____ a measurement system used to indicate e. Acid
the concentration of H+ ions in solution
Four Most Abundant Elements in Living Things
______, ______, ______, and ______are the four most abundant elements in living things (Hint: HONC).
Inorganic Compounds and Organic Compounds
What type of compound lacks both carbon and hydrogen?
List two examples of this compound.
1.)
2.)
What type of compound contains both carbon and hydrogen?
List one example of this compound.
1.)
Important Properties of Carbon
1.) All organic compounds contain ______.
2.) With the exception of carbon dioxide, most inorganic compounds do not contain ______.
Four Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things
What are the four groups of organic compounds?
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
Each group has a ______, which is a small building block or subunit.
______are put together to build the ______of the group.
What is the process in which cells link monomers to form polymers?
What is the reverse process in which polymers are broken down to monomers?
Structure and Function of each Group of Compounds of Life
1.) What is the function of carbohydrates?
List two examples of foods with carbohydrates:
1.)
2.)
The three functions of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Lipids contain three elements:
1.)
2.)
3.)
List two examples of saturated foods with lipids and one example of an unsaturated food with lipids:
1.)
2.)
3.)
_____ – liquid at room temperature
_____ – solid at room temperature
What element do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not?
The five functions of proteins are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
List two examples of foods with proteins:
1.)
2.)
What is the function of nucleic acids?
What element is unique to nucleic acids?
Monomers and Polymers of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
What are the three examples of this monomer?
1.)
2.)
3.)
What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
What are the three examples of this polymer?
1.)
2.)
3.)
What are double sugars called?
The monomers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
The polymers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
What is the monomer of proteins?
How many types of this monomer are there?
What is the polymer of proteins?
A protein is made up of three groups. List these groups:
1.)
2.)
3.)
A ______bond is a bond that holds two amino acids together and is covalent.
*The sequence of ______in the chain will determine the protein's shape and function.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
Chapter 7
The Cell Theory:
Principles of the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Exceptions to the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
Three Basic Structures of Most Cells:
1.) organelles where proteins are made-
2.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semi-permeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)-
3.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occur-
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Membrane-bound nucleusCell organelles
Approximate size
Time of appearance on the Earth
Organisms it includes
Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, and Cytoplasm (Three Basic Structures of Most Cells)
Cell Organelles:
1.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semi-permeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)-
2.) only in plant cells, surrounds and protects the cell, made of cellulose-
3.) stores genetic information, controls all cell activities-
4.) surrounds the nucleus, controls what enters nucleus-
5.) openings in the nuclear membrane-
6.) found in nucleus, makes ribosome parts-
7.) found in nucleus, shares genetic information, makes up DNA-
8.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occur-
9.) found only in plant cells, stores pigments for the plant cell-
10.) found only in plant cells, stores starches for the plant cell-
11.) found only in plant cells, performs the function if photosynthesis-
12.) produces energy for the cell from food and oxygen through the process of cellular respiration-
13.) makes and transports proteins and lipids through the cell-
14.) makes and transports proteins by ribosomes-
15.) takes proteins and lipids and modifies, sorts, and packages them before they are exported from the cell-
16.) contain digestive enzymes that break down old cell parts and foreign material-
17.) storage organelles that contain food or water for the cell (very large in plant cells)-
18.) the fibers that give support to the cell, help in cell movement, made of proteins-
19.) thin fibers of the cytoskeleton-
20.) thick fibers of the cytoskeleton-
21.) found only in animal cells, help in the process of cell division-
22.) short, hair-like structures that surround some cells and help in movement-
23.) long, whip-like structure that is found on the outside of some cells and helps in cell movement
24.) organelle where proteins are made-
Plant Cells and Animal Cells:
Plant Cells / Animal CellsCell Wall
Centrioles
Plastids
Cell Membrane Structure / Diffusion:
Two Major Components of the Cell Membrane:
1.)
2.)
What is the process where molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?
What is the difference in concentration on either side of a membrane called?
What is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane called?
Diffusion will occur until an ______is reached.
Passive Transport and Active Transport:
1.) requires no energy use by the cell; substances move along a concentration gradient-
2.) molecules may be moved through a process called-
3.) examples of this process-
4.) uses carrier proteins to transport molecules that are not lipid soluble-
5.) examples of this process-
6.) the movement of material from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration-