BIOLOGY FINAL STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2011 – 12
1.The typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a typical human sperm?
2. The prokaryotes that contain Peptidoglycan in their cell walls is
3.Organisms with overlapping niches probably have which type of relationship?
4. Which is the best explanation for why vascular plants can grow tall on land, and nonvascular plants remain small and bound to water?
5. The offspring of the cross-fertilization of pea plants with purple flowers and pea plants with white flowers are called Like gametes or pure breeds or hybrids or recessive breeds.
6. Agriculture led to an increase in the size of the human population. What was the most important impact of agriculture on the human population size?
7. When allelic frequencies remain unchanged, a population is in genetic equilibrium. This statement is known as what principle?
8. Which domain includes organisms that are called Extremophiles?
9. Which factor allows the flow of energy through an ecosystem to happen? Like evaporation or predation or cycling of nutrients or abiotic factors.
10.State True or False - Disease is density-dependent because transmission occurs more easily when a population is large.
11. The process by which plants are bred to produce larger fruits and a longer growing time is called
12. What is “soil type” to an earthworm? Biotic or Abiotic or Biome or Carbon Source.
13. Which type of character is found within an entire line of descent of a group of organisms? Like Biochemical or Morphological or Derived or Ancestral
14. A white mouse whose parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated with a brown mouse. The white mouse is most probably ____ homozygous or heterozygous .
15. Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. This type of relationship can best be described as ____.
16. A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant, and all the offspring are tall. What is the most likely genotype of the offspring assuming a single-gene trait?
17. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by ____.
18. Which of the following does not have cell walls composed of the polysaccharide or chitin? Yeast or beetle or moss or bread mold.
19. To assess a population’s growth rate, an ecologist must know how many individuals are born, how many died, and how many move away in a given period of time. What else must an ecologist know?
20. To which factor can the differences in algae color be attributed?
21. Island A has an area of 30 square kilometers. Island B has an area of 400 square kilometers. The islands are near each other. Which island has lesser biodiversity and higher edge effect?
22. If a species is suddenly introduced into a new habitat, what might occur? Like adaptive radiation or co evolution or habitat speciation or selective speciation.
23. Human hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than mouse hemoglobin. What type of evidence is this for evolution?
24. Which answer best shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest?
An elephant's long trunk OR camouflage in a tree frog OR the long neck of a giraffe OR migration of birds in winter.
25. A cross between a white rooster and a black hen results in 100% blue Andalusian offspring. When two of these blue offspring are mated, the probable phenotypic ratio seen in their offspring would be ____.
26. Write the sequences in the primary succession of species colonizing a newly formed volcanic island and select the option in the correct order. From Rocks to tall trees.
27. In which processes do scientists use restriction enzymes?
28. In pea plants, inflated pods (R) are dominant to constricted pods (r). Which of the following is a cross between inflated pods and constricted pods? Like RR X RR or RR X rr or RR X Rr or Rr X Rr
29. If two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what percent of their offspring are also expected to be heterozygous?
30. Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds? Like gymnosperms or ferns
Or angiosperms or mosses.
31.
Which stage of meiosis is represented
32. A student notices that her guppies reproduce most when her fish tank water is slightly alkaline. They stop reproducing if the water becomes acidic or if the water becomes too alkaline. This is an example of ____.
33. chromosome, nucleus, cell, DNA, nucleotide. Arrange in order from largest to smallest in size
34. The pioneer species in ecological succession are
35. Example of parasitic protists is
36.
What does this graph tell us about this species of plant
37. Where are lichens least likely to be found?
38. Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain. Arrange lists the taxa from broadest to most specific.
39. What is the name used to describe a cross between two varieties of a plant used in an attempt to create a new variety with traits from both parents? Like polyploid planting or hybridization, or selective breeding or cloning.
40. A population diverges and becomes reproductively isolated and the process is known as
41. Which of the following resources can be considered renewable? Like wood or natural gas or Uranium or quartz.
42. Your favorite plant is growing very slowly, and you would like to find some way to increase its growth rate. Which one should you try increasing first?
43. Crossing over would most likely occur during which stage of the cell cycle? Like when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs or when centromeres are separated or when cytokines is begins or when DNA is being replicated.
44. State True or False the more derived characteristics shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a common ancestor
45. American bison, which are large grazing mammals, are most often found clumped in small groups. What might you infer about the spatial distribution of American bison?
46. The photosynthetic partner in a lichen could be
47. In a test cross, if one parent’s genotype is homozygous dominant, then the offspring will be
48. The consequence of an algal bloom is
49. The character that distinguishes Fungi from Plantae is
50. Red tides can be fatal to humans if they eat
51. Which outcome is possible using genetic engineering, but not using selective breeding? Like Corn that produces one large corn cob per plant or sheep with wool longer than wool produced by any other sheep or A hairless variety of cow or A bacterium that produces human insulin.
52.
The process occurring at A and B are
53. A food company wanted to develop a new flavor of cheese. To select which type of bacteria to use, what characteristic of the bacteria should most likely be evaluated first? Like The final taste that would be produced or Whether or not the bacteria occurs naturally in the human body or Whether or not the bacteria is safe for consumption or How quickly it breaks down milk fat.
54. During which phase of meiosis do homologous pairs of chromosomes line up next to one another along the equator?
55. Which type of prokaryote is most likely found in agricultural manure? Like a Saprotroph, Autotroph, Thermophile, Halophile
56. What is the name of the method whereby developing pure lines, breeders preserve desirable traits? Like inbreeding or mass selection or cross pollination or hybridization.
57. Imagine you are an ecologist called in to investigate a problem with a lake in a city park. The lake was once clear but is now eutrophic, with green slime floating on it and a fetid odor.Personnel from the parks department have investigated the problem and present you with the following theories. Weigh the evidence and decide which is the best explanation for the problem.
58. On ten acres of native forest there are eight white-tailed deer, seven coyotes, 45 armadillos, and 231 loblolly pine trees. Which population has the highest density?
59. Which of the following actions would increase nutrient levels in farm soil? Like adding natural predators, such as ladybugs, to keep pests away or increasing the amount of crops grown in the soil or increase the amount of water given to the crops or adding various types of detrivores into the soil.
60. What is the name for the flexible, tough, outer membrane euglenoids have instead of a cell wall?
61. What is the role of the spindle fibers?
62. What are the Domain and Kingdom of a paramecium?
63. Young adult male chimpanzees look for mates outside their own population. The males then take the females back to their group. Which of the following occurs in females’ original population?
64. A fruit fly that has a short life span and produces many offspring can be classified into which reproductive strategy?
65. What was the source of the original atmosphere of early Earth? Like meteorite impacts or out gassing from rocks or volcanoes or light elements from space.
66. A pea plant homozygous for the trait of smooth seeds is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for the trait of wrinkled seeds. The first generation produces seeds that are all smooth. What percent of the second-generation plants will have smooth seeds when the F1 generation is self-fertilized?
67. To which domain does the American black bear belong?
68. Some farmers use manure on their crop fields. How does this help the plants? Like increases soil oxygen and carbon dioxide levels or increases soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels or keeps insects from eating the crops or protects them from intense sunlight.
69. How does the logistic model of population growth differ from the exponential model? Like The graph of the exponential model is S shaped or The graph of the logistic model has a longer lag phase or The logistic model considers the environment’s carrying capacity or The exponential model shows a restricted growth rate.
70. What occurs during the process of meiosis in humans that can lead to a child with the condition of Down Syndrome?
71. What evidence is there that modern archaebacteria may be most like the hypothesized earliest cells on Earth?
72. What is the structural relationship between fungi and algae in a lichen?
73. Describe the events that take place during anaphase II ?
74. Which characteristic is typical of a k-strategist?
75. Which of the following Kingdoms is not included in the Domain Eukarya? Like Bacteria or Fungi or Plantae or Protista.
76. If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (XRXr) crossed with a white-eyed male (XrY), what percent of their offspring would have white eyes?
77.
Three samples of DNA contain the percentages of nitrogenous bases listed in Table 12-2. According to Chargaff’s law, which two samples probably belong to the same species?
78. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are resistant to the usual-sized dose. What is the most likely explanation for this change in susceptibility to the insecticide?
79. Which event during meiosis leads to a reduction in chromosome number from 2n to n? Like DNA undergoes replication or Homologous chromosomes travel to opposite sides of the cell or Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere or Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.
80. Mendel took the pollen from a tall pea plant and pollinated the flower of a short pea plant. When he did this, he removed the male parts of the flower on the short plant. Why was it important that he remove the male parts from the flower of the short plant?
81. What is the term used to describe the complete genetic information of a cell or organism? Like clone or nucleotide or haplotype or genome.
82. n chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?
83. Agricultural manure is a significant waste problem. Even though some of it can be used as fertilizer, it is produced in excess. The manure not only has a foul odor, but contains pathogens, including harmful bacteria, that enter the soil and water sources. Recently, a compound isolated from the thyme plant, called thymol, has been used in farm feedlots where the manure accumulates. Thymol is a natural antiseptic (compound that kills bacteria) and has proved effective in reducing both the odor and the levels of the harmful bacteria.
In what other products do you think thymol could most likely be used in? Like oven cleaner or furniture polish or mouthwash or body lotion.
Table 5-1 shows the population sizes for 6 different species in four different areas.
Area / Species U / Species V / Species W / Species X / Species Y / Species ZA / 3 / 7 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 4
B / 0 / 6 / 8 / 0 / 6 / 6
C / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 2
D / 4 / 3 / 11 / 1 / 6 / 0
84. Which area in Table 5-1 has the greatest biodiversity?
85. which species has the highest average population size?
86. If the four areas in Table 5-1 were the only places in the world to find these organisms, which species most likely faces the greatest chance of extinction?
87. If all four areas in Table 5-1 had identical climate and geology, which one would probably have the smallest area?
88.
What would be the result of the test cross in Figure 13-3 if the unknown were homozygous long ears?
89. What is the genotype of the unknown rabbit in Figure 13-3?
90.
Referring to Figure 2-1, suppose 10, 000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. What is the total number of energy units lost by the time energy reaches the coyote?