Dr. Simons Biology First Semester Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1
- The characteristics of living things
- What living things are composed of
- Definitions homeostasis, heredity and reproduction
- Scientific method
- Parts of the microscope; magnification
Chapter 2
- What atoms are made up of
- Definition of nucleus, element and molecule
- What matter is composed of
- Non-polar and polar molecules
- What are ionic bonds
- What are covalent bonds
- What are hydrogen bonds
- Why water is important to life
- Why water and oil don’t mix
- Acidic vs. basic solutions (and an example of each type)
- pH scale; acids, bases
- All organic compounds contain what element?
- Which organic molecules are carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides
- Lipids
- Glycogen and glucose
- Nucleic acids DNA, RNA
- Enzymes
- Active site; substrate
- Factors that affect enzyme activity (heat, substrate concentration, pH)
- Activation energy
- Reactants; products
- Proteins (amino acids)
- Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
- Carbohydrates (glucose)
- Lipids (fatty acids)
- Glycogen, starch, cellulose
- Polymer, monomer
- Organic; inorganic
- Solutions; solute; solvent
Chapter 3
- Energy pyramid
- Biomass pyramid
- chemosynthesis
- Biomes
- Ecosystems (which do ponds and lakes belong to)
- Levels of organization
- Food chain/ food web
- Producers (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs)-(the different levels of consumers)
- The water, nitrogen, carbon cycles
Chapter 4
4-1
- Greenhouse effect
- Climate
- latitude
4-2
- Biotic and abiotic factors
- Niche
- Habitat
- Symbiosis (Symbiotic relationships)
- Mutualism
- Commensalisms
- Parasitism
- Predation
- Why can’t two species occupy the same species in the same habitat?
- Primary and Secondary succession
**(Know that unpredictable events can interrupt succession)
4-3
- Biomes
- microclimates
Chapter 5
5-1
- how populations grow
- population density
- immigration; emigration
- factors that affect a populations size
5-2
- limiting factors
- predation
- parasitisism
- density independent factors (weather, disasters, human activities)
5-3
- demography
- human population growth
Chapter 6
- Global warming
- Loss of Diversity
- Renewable and non-renewable resources
Chapter 7
7-1
- Cell Theory
- Definition and example of Eukaryotes
- Definition and example of Prokaryotes
- Nucleus
- Cell
7-2
- Definition of organelle
- All organelles found in animal and plant cell with their functions:
Cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, chromatin, chromosome, nucleolus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole
7-4
- Levels of organization
- Cell specialization
Chapter 8
- ATP
- Photosynthesis – light dependent and light independent
- Chlorophyll (pigments)
- Parts of chloroplast
- Calvin cycle; reactants and products
- Electron carriers
- ATP synthase
- Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis
Chapter 9
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
- Electron transport chain
- Fermentation
- Lactic acid
- Pyruvic acid
- Number of ATP made (in total and in each part)