Name: ______
Biology Chapter 21 Community Ecology Vocabulary
1. The five major types of close interactions, or ______, among species are: predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism, and commensalism.
2. – 3. Predation is a powerful force in a community. In predation, one individual, the ______, captures, kills, and consumes another individual, the ______.
4. Deception is important in antipredator defenses. In a defense called ______, a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species.
5. Animals that eat plants are known as ______. Ecologists usually classify the relationship between plants and herbivores as a form of predation.
6. They synthesize chemicals from products of their metabolism, called ______, that are poisonous, irritating,
7. – 9. ______is a species interaction that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits. In parasitism, one individual, known as the ______, feeds on another individual, known as the ______. But while most forms of predation immediately remove an individual of the prey species from the population, parasitism usually does not result in the immediate death of the host.
10. – 11. Parasites can be grouped into two general categories, based on how they interact with their host. ______are external parasites; they live on their host but do not enter the host’s body. Examples of these are ticks, fleas, lice, leeches, lampreys, and mosquitoes. ______are internal parasites, and they live inside the host’s body
12. ______results from fundamental niche overlap—the use of the same limited resource by two or more species.
13. Ecologists use the principle of ______to describe situations in which one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resource. In competitive exclusion, one species uses the resource more efficiently and has a reproductive advantage that eventually eliminates the other species.
14. Competitors may also evolve niche differences or anatomical differences that lessen the intensity of competition. Natural selection favors differences between potential competitors. These differences are often greatest where the ranges of potential competitors overlap. This phenomenon is called ______.
15. When similar species coexist, each species uses only part of the available resources. This pattern of resource use is called ______.
16. ______is a cooperative relationship in which both species derive some benefit. Some mutualistic relationships are so close that neither species can survive without the other.
17. Animals such as bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, bats, and birds pollinate many flowering plants. Animals that carry pollen are called ______.
18. ______is an interaction in which one species benefits and the other is not affected.
19. – 20. One characteristic of a community is its species ______, the number of species it contains. A related measure is species ______, which relates the number of species in the community to the relative abundance of each species.
21. The gradual, sequential regrowth of species in an area is called ______.
22. – 23. ______is the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously, such as bare rock, a sand dune, or an island formed by a volcanic eruption. ______is the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community. The disruption may stem from a natural disaster, such as a forest fire or a strong storm, or from human activity, such as farming, logging, or mining.
24. The species that predominate early in succession—called the ______—tend to be small, fast-growing, and fast-reproducing. Pioneer species are well suited for invading and occupying a disturbed habitat.
25. The traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point, called the ______.