Biology A Exam Review

  1. Put the steps of the Scientific Methods in order: Analyze the data, Make hypothesis, Ask a question, Test the hypothesis, Draw a conclusion, Report results for peer review, Make observations/do background research.Then, explain the importance of each step

StepsImportance/Purpose

A. Ask a questionWhat is going to be investigated

B. Make observations/To Gather information about the question

do background research

C. Make hypothesisGuides the investigation

D. Test the hypothesiscarry out the experiment

E. Analyze the datawhat does the data indicate

F. Draw a conclusionis the hypothesis correct

G. Report results for peer review Ensures ethical practices, integrity, &

accuracy, speeds up new discoveries

  1. What are the 4 most common elements in living organisms?

  1. Hydrogen
  2. oxygen
  3. nitrogen
  4. _carbon

These elements make up 90% of living things

  1. What is the formula for photosynthesis? Circle the reactants & underline the products.
  2. Words: carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
  3. Symbols: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
  4. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? Convert energy from sun into food energy
  5. What is the formula for respiration? Circle the reactants & underline the products.
  6. Words:oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
  7. Symbols: 6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H20+ energy (ATP)
  8. What is the purpose of respiration?Release energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules
  9. Animals release _CO2__ during _respiration____, which plants need for photosynthesis. Plants release __O2______during _photosynthesis___, which animals need for respiration.
  10. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates that are used to make ATP during cellular respiration
  11. What is a “trace element”? Give an example. Not necessary for life or needed in very small quantities; Iron
  12. What are the 4 major macromolecules? What are their purposes?

MacromoleculePurpose/Examples

  • ProteinsNails, hair, muscles
  • lipidsStore energy, membranes, fats, wax, oil
  • Nucleic acidsstore and transmit hereditary information,DNA
  • Carbohydratessource of energy for living things, glucose
  1. How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis similar and different:

Similar: involve water, creating a product

Different: hydrolysis- adding water to break down Polymers-disaccharide or polysaccharide dehydration synthesis-removing water to create disaccharide or polysaccharide

  1. What are polymers of amino acids? proteins
  2. Name 2 factors that can destroy an enzyme: Heat and pH
  3. Identify the parts of the cell and their function.

  1. Cell membrane- controls what goes in and out
  2. Lysosome- contains digestive engymze
  3. Nucleus- control center
  4. Nucleolus-where ribosomes are made
  5. Nuclear membrane- controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
  6. Vacuole- storage
  7. Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
  8. Cytoplasm- where glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation takes place
  9. Rough ER-synthesis of proteins

10.Smooth ER – contains enzymes to perform specialized tasks

11.ribosomes- make proteins

12. golgi apparatus- modify, sort, and package proteins

  1. What parts are found only in a plant cell (not in an animal cell)?

Chloroplast, cell wall, large vacuole

  1. What cell organelles contain DNA? What is the endosymbiotic theory? Mitochondria & chloroplastsLynnMargulis, an American biologist suggested that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of ancient prokaryotes
  2. What is the “organelle of respiration”? Mitochondria
  3. Explain the process in the diagram below: photosynthesis

Plants use carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen

  1. What is the order of organization in living things? (Smallest to largest)

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The CELL is where many basic life functions take place

  1. Where is energy stored? In the chemical bonds in sugar in ATP
  2. Give an example of a monosaccharide: glucose

Disaccharide: maltose

  1. Explain the relationship between ATP/ADP and energy. ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is removed

ADP ATP = storage of energy

  1. What factors would affect the rate of growth of a plant? Sunlight, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen (Last 3 will speed up growth)
  2. How can the amount of available phosphate affect respiration?

If not much phosphate is available, cellular energy will decrease, if more phosphate is available, cellular will increase

  1. Organic compounds contain _carbon___ and other elements.
  2. vanHelmont’s tree experiment accounts for the water portion of the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis. He did not realize that

carbondioxide in the air made a major contribution to the mass of the tree.

  1. Glucose is a __mono_ saccharide (mono, di, or poly)
  2. Why do lipids contain a lot of energy? they are able to store a lot of energy
  3. What happens when chemical bonds are broken? energy is released
  4. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.

Compare: movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

Contrast: Osmosis is the movement of water, diffusion is the movement of particles: salt, potassium

  1. Phytoplankton is a producer, which means it gets energy from

the __sun___

  1. What happens to the energy from glucose that is not converted to ATP during respiration? _lost as heat_____
  2. What is an autotroph? Heterotroph? Give examples.

Autotroph: organism that makes its own food

Examples: plants

Heterotroph: organism that does not make its own food

Examples: humans, cats, dogs

  1. Another term for muscle fermentation is _lactic acid fermentation__