B.Sc., BOTANY SEMESTER WISE SYLLABUS

AND

MODEL QUESTION PAPERS OF THEORY AND PRACTICALS

(AS PER CBCS AND SEMESTER SYSTEM)

Course: B. Sc., Subject: Botany

S.
No. / Semester / Module
Nature / Modules (Paper) / Hours/
Week / Credits / Max. Marks
(75+25)
1 / 1 / CORE-1
Paper-1 / Theory / Microbial Diversity , Algae, Fungi & Plant Pathology / 04 / 04 / 100
Practical / -do- / 03 / 02 / 40+10
2 / 2 / CORE-2
Paper-2 / Theory / Diversity of Archaegoniatae &Anatomy / 04 / 04 / 100
Practical / -do- / 03 / 02 / 40+10
3 / 3 / CORE-3
Paper-3 / Theory / Taxonomy &Embryology / 04 / 04 / 100
Practical / -do- / 03 / 02 / 40+10
4 / 4 / CORE-4
Paper-4 / Theory / Plant physiology & Metabolism / 04 / 04 / 100
Practical / -do- / 03 / 02 / 40+10
5 / 5 / CSS-
Paper- 5 / Theory / Ecology Molecular Biology / 03 / 04 / 100
CSS
Paper- 6 / Theory / 6a. Herbal Technology
6b. Nursery & gardening
6c. Floriculture / 03 / 04 / 100
Practical for
5 & 6 / 03 / 02 / 50 + 50
6 / 6 / CSS
Paper- 7 / Theory / Plant Biotechnology / 03 / 04 / 100
CSS
Paper-8 / Theory / 8a. Plant Diversity & human Welfare
8b. Genetics & Plant Breeding / 03 / 04 / 100

I B.Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS

PAPER-I; SEMESTER- I

Paper- I T: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi

Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT- I: Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity (12 hrs)

1. Origin of life –theories

2. Geological time scale

3. Microbial diversity-Mycoplasma – Chlamydia -Archaebacteria –Actinomycetes

UNIT- II: VIRUSES AND BACTERIA (12 hrs)

  1. Viruses: General account of Viruses, structure, replication and transmission ofplant diseases Caused by Viruses.
  2. Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. Outlineof plant diseases of important crop plants caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker) and their control.

UNIT III: CYANOBACTERIA AND LICHENS(12 hrs)

1. Cyanobacteria: General account of cell structure, thallus organization and their uses as Biofertilizers

2. Structure and reproduction and life history of Nostoc and Scytonema

3. Lichens – Morphology –Anatomy –Reproduction –Economic importance

UNIT –IV Algae(12 hrs)

1. General account (Thallus organization, Pigments, reproduction), Fritsch classification of Algae and economic importance.

2. Structure, reproduction, life history of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia

UNIT V: FUNGI (12 hrs)

  1. General characters, classification(Alexopolous) and economic importance
  2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Penicillium, Puccinia
  3. General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi (Red rot of sugarcane, Paddy blast) and their control

I B. Sc – BOTANY

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I SEMESTER -I

Paper-I-IP: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi

Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week

  1. Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven, Autoclave/Pressure cooker, Laminar air flow chamber, Incubator, etc.
  2. Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration)
  3. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron micro photographs
  4. Gram staining of Bacteria
  5. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Vein clearing of Bhendi and Leaf curl of Papaya),Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast
  6. Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following :
  1. Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus,Polysiphonia, Nostoc and Scytonema
  2. Fungi: Albugo, Penicillium and Puccinia .
  1. Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi and identification of pathogens as per theory syllabus
  2. Lichens: Different types of thalli and Anatomy
  3. Field Visit

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I B.Sc - BOTANY

PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS - MODEL PAPER

PAPER –I SEMESTER -I

Paper-I-1 P: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi

Time: 3hrs. Max ; Marks: 50

  1. Identify giving reasons two of the givenAlgal mixture” A". Leave your preparation for evaluation. Draw labeled diagrams. (Slide--1marks, Diagrams--1marks, Identification--1mark)

3x 2 = 6 Marks

  1. Make suitable stained preparation of the material "B" to bring out the details of internal structure--identify giving reasons. Draw labeled diagrams and leave your preparations for evaluation. (Slide-4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3marks) 10 Marks

3. Conduct C.- Gram staining of Bacteria 9Marks.

4. Write critical notes and Identify D, E, F, G and H 15 Marks.

5. Record (submission is compulsory) 10Marks.

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Total: 50 Marks

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Key:
A. Algal material
B. Fungi material
C. Bacterial material.

D. Instruments of Micro biology.

E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Algae.

F.Wholespecimen or permanent slide of Fungi.
G. Whole specimen or permanent slide of plant pathology.
H Whole specimen or permanent slide of Lichens

I B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS THEORY

PAPER-II SEMESTER- II

Paper –II T: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy

Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT – I: BRYOPHYTA(12hrs)

1. Bryophyta: General characters and classification (up to classes).

2. Structure,reproduction and Life history of Marchantia , and Funaria

3. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes.

UNIT - II: PTERIDOPHYTA(12 hrs)

1. Pteridophyta: General characters and Classification(up to classes).

2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Lycopodium, and Marsilea

2. Heterospory and seed habit

4. Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes

UNIT – III: GYMNOSPERMS (12 hrs)

1. Gymnosperms: General characters and classification (upto classes).

2.Morphology, Anatomy, reproduction and life history of Pinus, Gnetum

UNIT –IV: Tissues And Tissue systems(12 hrs)

  1. Tissues – meristematic and permanent tissues (simple and complex)
  2. Shoot apical meristem and its histological organisation
  3. Root apical meristem and its histological organization

UNIT – V. Secondary growth(12 hrs)

  1. Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena, Boerhavia and Bignonia
  2. Wood structure – general account. Study of local timbers Teak, Rosewood,

Red sanders and Terminalia tomentosa

I B.Sc BOTANY

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER II-SEMESTER -II

Paper-IIP: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy

Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week

  1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures) , anatomy of the following taxa :

a) Marchantia, b) Funaria c) Lycopodium d) Pinuse) Gnetum

2. AnatomY

1. Demonstration of double staining technique.

2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides

3. Preparation of double staining slides

4. Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus.

5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S.

6. Field visits

I( B.Sc.,BOTANY

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I-SEMESTER -II

IIP: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy

  1. Section cutting of A material 9 Marks

(Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)

  1. Section cutting of B material9 Marks

(Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)

  1. Section cutting of C material 10 Marks

(Slide 4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)

  1. Identification of spotters D,E,and F 3x4 =12 marks
  1. Record (submission compulsory) 10 marks

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Total : 50 Marks

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Key:
A. Bryophyta/Pteridophyta material
B. Gymnosperm material.

C. Anatomy material

D. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Bryophyta/ Pteridophyta

E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Gymnosperm

F. Whole specimen or permanent slide of wood

II B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS THEORY

PAPER –III; SEMESTER -III

(Paper-III T: Plant Taxonomy and Embryology)

Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT – I: Introduction to PLANT TAXONOMY(12 hrs)

1 .Fundamental components of taxonomy (identification, nomenclature, classification types and phylogeny)

2. Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantl classification

3. Role of chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy and taximetrics in relation to Taxonomy

UNIT –II: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY(12 hrs)

1. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to International code of Botanical Nomenclature; Principles, Rules and Recommendations.

2. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families

Annonaceae,Caparidaceae,Rutaceae, Curcurbitaceae, and Apiaceae

UNIT –III: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY(12 hrs)

  1. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families

Asteraceae, Sapotaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, EuphorbiaceaeOrchidaceae and Poaceae.

UNIT – IV: EMBRYOLOGY(12hrs) 1.Introduction : History and Importance of Embryology.

2. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte.

3.Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; Monosporic; Bisporic and Tetrasporic types of female gametophyte/embryosac development

4.Pollination -Types, Fertilization.

UNIT –V: EMBRYOLOGY AND PALYNOLOGY(12 hrs)

1.Endosperm Development and types.

2..Embryo - development and types:

3. Polyembryony and Apomixis - an outline.

4.Palynology: Principles and applications.

Suggested Reading

T.Pullaiah. 2007. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

II B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

PAPER-III- SEMESTER-III

Practical – III P: Plant Taxonomy AND Embryology

Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week

Suggested Laboratory Exercises:

1. Systemiatic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory

Syllabus.

2. Demonstration of herbarium techniques

3. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus,Acacia, Grass).

4. Demonstration of Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus).

5. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryo sac using permanent slides / Photographs.

6. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot

Embryos usingpermanent slides / Photographs

7. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Senna / Crotalaria)

8. Field visits

9. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical

Examination.

II B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- IV THEORY

PAPER – IV

Paper IV -T: Plant Physiology and Metabolism

Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

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UNIT – I: Plant – Water relations(12 hrs)

1.Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water,

2. Diffusion, imbibition and osmosis;water, osmotic and pressure potentials,

3. Absorption, transport of water, ascent of sap

4. Transpiration – types, stomata structure and movements.

UNIT –II: Mineral nutrition and Fertilizers(12 hrs)

1. Mineral Nutrition: Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role, mineral uptake ( active and passive), deficiency symptoms

2.. Nitrogen cycle- biological nitrogen fixation

3.Enzymes: Nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, factors regulating enzyme action.

UNIT –III: PHOTOSYNTHESIS(12 hrs)

1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra; Red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, concept of two photosystems, mechanism of photosynthetic electron transport and evolution of oxygen, photophosphorylation, carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4, and CAM.

2. Photorespiration.

3. Translocation of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport, source-sink relationships.

UNIT –IV: PLANT METABOLISM(12 hrs)

1.Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transportsystem, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway.

2. Lipid Metabolism: Structure and functions of lipids, conversion of lipids to carbohydrates, Beta-oxidation.

3 .ATP-Synthesis; Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation, chemiosmotic mechanism (oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP synthase, Boyers conformational model, Racker’s experiment, Jagendorf’s experiment; role of uncouplers

UNIT –V: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (12 hrs)

1.Growth and development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth, Physiological effects of phytohormoneS - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene

2. Physiology of flowering and photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering.

3. Stress Physiology: Concept and plant responses to water, salt and temperature stresses.

II B. Sc – BOTANY SEMESTRE- IV. PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

PAPER- IV - Plant Physiology and metabolism)

Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week in 15 sessions

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Suggested Laboratory Exercises:

1. Osmosis – by potato osmoscope method

2. Determination of osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of

Rhoeo / Tradescantia.

3. Structure of stomata (dicot & monocot)

4. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method.

5. Demonstration of transpiration by Ganongs’ photometer

6. Demonstration of ascent of sap/Transpiration pull

6. Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method

7. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs.

8. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.

9. Rate of photosynthesis under varying Co2 concentration

10.Effect of kind of light intensity on oxygen evolution during photosynthesis using Wilmontt’ bubbler.

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- V THEORY

PAPER –V

Paper V -T: ECOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3hrs per week

UNIT – I - Ecological Factors9 hrs

  1. Ecology – definition and scope
  2. Ecological factors – Abiotic (soil, water, light and temperature) and biotic factors
  3. Adaptation of hydrophytes and xerophytes

UNIT –II - Plant communities9 hrs

  1. Plant communities – Characters, Ecotone and edge effect.
  2. Succession – Process and types
  3. Ecosystem – Structure, energy flow, food chains and food web.

UNIT –III -Cell Biology:9 hrs

1. Principles of microscopy: Outlines of Light microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope

2. Outlines and working principles of Electron microscope, Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM)

3. The cell envelops: Ultra Structure andfunctions of cell wall and plasma membrane

4. Cell division: Cell cycle, and its regulation, mitosis and meiosis and their significance.

UNIT –IV – Genetic Material 9 hrs

1.DNA as the genetic material, Miescher to Watson and Crick’s historic perspective: Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation experiment, Hershey – Chase bacteriophage experiment.

2. DNA structure and replication, types of DNA, replication of DNA (semi-conservative)

3. Types of RNA (m RNA, t RNA, r RNA) and their structure and function

UNIT – V Gene concept and expression9 hrs

1. Gene expression: organization of gene, transcription, translation

2.Mechanism of gene expression in prokaryotes ( Lac. operon and Trp. operon)

3. Genetic code

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- V

Practical Paper V: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Suggested Laboratory Exercises:

  1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables; soil thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometeer, raingauze, and lux meter.
  2. Determination of soil pH
  3. Study of morphological adpatations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (4 each)
  4. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetationin the college campus by species area curve method
  5. . Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips
  6. Study on the ultra structure of cell organelles using electron microphotographs
  7. Extraction of DNA from plant tissues
  8. Determination of DNA by diphenylamine method
  9. Estimation of RNA by orcinaol method.

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V

PAPER – VIA

Theory Paper VI A -T: HERBAL TECHNOLOGY (OPTIONAL)

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Herbal medicines: 9 hrs

1. History and scope, importance, demand and supply of MAP in India and world, Indian trade

in MAP

2. Indian systems of medicine- Ayurvedic, unani, homeopathic, siddha, yoga and naturopathy

UNIT-II: CRUDE PLANT DRUGS 9 hrs

1. Definition, Classification- Alphabetic, taxonomic, morphological, chemical, pharmacological and

chemotaxonomic

2. Methods of cultivation and factors affecting the cultivation of drug plants

3. Collection, harvesting, drying and storage of crude drugs, Organized crude drugs- Leaves, stem,

flowers, fruits, seeds, barks, underground and entire drugs, Unorganized drugs- Gums,

mucilage, resins, dried juices, latex and extracts

UNIT-III: PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS 9 hrs

1. Distribution, morphology, botanical and chemical constituents and uses of Root drugs-

Shatavari, Ashwagandha,

2. Stem drugs- Ginger, turmeric, Chandan,

3. Leaf drugs- Adulsa (Justicia adhatoda), Korpad (Aloe)

4. Fruit drugs- Triphala – Usiri (Emblica), Behda (Terminalia belerica), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula)and

5. Entire plant drugs - Tulsi and Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera)

UNIT-IV: Analytical Photochemistry9 hrs

1. Drug adulteration – types, methodsof drug evaluation

2. Biological testing of herbal drugs

3.Phytpchemical screening tests for secondary metabolites – alkaloids, flavanoids, phenolic compounds

UNIT – V Future of pharmacognosy9 hrs

1. Genetics as applied to medicinal herbs and transgenic plants

2. Plant tissue culture as source of biomedicines

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V

PAPER – VIA

Practical Paper VI A -T: HERBAL TECHNOLOGY (OPTIONAL)

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Practical Exercises:

1. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of medicinal leaf drugs of Vasaka, Eucalyptus,

Datura, Senna and Vinca

2. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of medicinal drugs of Boerhavia root, Shatavari

root, Vinca root, Liquorice and Ginger rhizome

3. Study of leaf constants ( Stomatal number, stomatal index and palisade ratio)

4. Preliminary photochemical screening of Carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Steroids,

Tannins and Phenolic compounds

6. Separation of Carbohydrates and Glycosides from crude drug by using chromatography /

TLC techniques

7. Study of medicinal properties of crude drugs obtained from Vasaka, Senna, Boerhavia,

Vinka, Liquorice, Ginger, Shatavari, Datura and Eucalyptus

8. Excursion (Several local and at least one long excursion are compulsory)

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V

PAPER – VI B

Theory Paper VI B -T: Nursery and Gardening (OPTIONAL)

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Unit 1:Nursery:9 hrs

1. definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery,

2. planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants

Unit 2: Seed9 hrs

1. Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking

dormancy

2. Seed storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion

3. Seed production technology - seed testing and certification

Unit 3:Vegetative propagation:9 hrs

1. air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season, treatment of cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants

2. green house - mist chamber, shed root, shade house and glass house

Unit 4:Gardening9 hrs

1. definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening

2. landscape and home gardening - parks and its components, plant materials and design

3. computer applications in landscaping

4. Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering,

5. management of pests and diseases and harvesting.

Unit 5:Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings9 hrs

1. Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings ,Transplanting of seedlings

2. Study of cultivation of different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion, garlic, `tomatoes, and carrots - Storage and marketing procedures.

Suggested Readings

1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.,

New Delhi.

2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.

3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.

4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co.,

New Delhi.

5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and

Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San

III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V

PAPER – VI C

Theory Paper VI C -T: Floriculture (OPTIONAL)

Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Unit 1:Introduction:9 hrs

1. Introduction, History of gardening; Importance and scope of floriculture and landscape

gardening

2. Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: