Content TAMU
Average Permeability, Flow in layered systems- Lecture 12
Linear flow, Pressure profile
Linear, Parallel flow
Linear, Serial Flow
Radial Flow, Pressure profile
Radial, Parallel flow
Radial, Serial flow
Integration of darcy’s law
Capillary pressure – Lecture 15-21
Introduction to capillary pressure (Lecture 15)
Applications of capillary pressure data
Drainage and imbibition capillary pressure curves
Drainage process
Imbibition process
Effect of permeability on shape
Effect of grain size distribution on shape
Capillary pressure- definition
Capillary tube – conceptual model air-water system
Capillary Tube Model – Air/Water system
Capillary pressure – oil/water system
Laboratory measurement of capillary pressure (Lecture 16)
Porous diaphragm method for capillary pressure
Mercury injection method for capillary pressure
Centrifuge method for determining capillary pressure
Dynamic method of measuring capillary pressure
Averaging capillary pressure data using the Leverett J-function
Definition of Leverett J-function
Leverett J-function for conversion of Pc data
Use of Leverett J-function
Capillary pressure and saturation history, Capillary pressure in reservoir rock (Lecture 17)
Drainage and imbibition capillary pressure curves
Saturation history
Rock type
Thomeer’s parameters for capillary pressure curves
Capillary pressure in reservoir
Fluid distribution in reservoirs
Relation between capillary pressure and fluid saturation
Saturation in reservoir vs. depth
Capillary pressure: reservoir seal, Capillary pressure / Saturation relationship (Sw*Model)
Reservoir Seal
Sw* Power Law Model
Capillary Pressure - Brooks and Corey Type Curve (Lecture 19)
Review: Sw* Power Law Model
Type Curves
Brooks and Corey Type Curve
Capillary Pressure / Permeability Relations (Lecture 20)
Single Capillary Tube
Bundle of Capillary Tubes Model
Purcell’s Equation
Application of Sw* Model
Purcell’s Equation with Sw* Model
Dimensionless capillary pressure type curves (Lecture 20. doc)
Effects on flushing by mud filtrates (Lecture 21)
Conversion factors for oilfield units (Lecture 11)
Need for unit conversions
Oilfield units
Learning objectives
Darcy’s law – Darcy units
Darcy’s law – Oilfield units
Static pressure gradient – SI units
Static pressure gradient – Oilfield units
Conversion factors for oilfield units (Lecture 11.doc)
Incompressible Fluid
Real Gas
Flow in Channels and Fractures Analogies to Darcy’s Law
Channels and Fractures
Channels
Fractures
Average Porosity
Average Permeability
Introduction to Petrophysics (Lecture 01)
•Lithology
• Porosity
• Compressibility
• Permeability
• Fluid saturations
• Capillary characteristics
• Rock stress
• Fluid-rock interaction
DEFINITIONS - SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASTIC AND CARBONATE ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES
Grain-Size Classification for Clastic Sediments
DUNHAM’S CLASSIFICATION - CARBONATES
GENERATION, MIGRATION, AND TRAPPING OF HYDROCARBONS
DESCRIBING A RESERVOIR
STRUCTURAL HYDROCARBON TRAP
DOMAL TRAP
WATER DRIVE
GAS EXPANSION DRIVE
TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS
FLUID DENSITY
FLUID VISCOSITY
DRILLING RIGS
ROTARY DRILL BIT, WORN
Factors Affecting Permeability Determination
Non-Darcy Flow – Lecture 10
Air Permeability Measurement
Non-Darcy Flow - Gas Slippage
Non-Darcy Flow - Klinkenberg Effect
Non-Darcy Flow - High Flow Rates
Non-Darcy Flow – Turbulence
Non-Darcy Flow - Forchheimer Equation
PERMEABILITY
Sources for Permeability Determination
Darcy’s Apparatus for Determining Permeability
Review - Derived Units
Permeability Dimensions & Units
Darcy Units
Differential Form - Darcy’s Law
Flow Potential
PERMEABILITY Flow of Liquids in Porous Media
Linear Flow, Incompressible Liquid
PERMEABILITY Gas Flow in Porous Media
Gas Flow vs. Liquid Flow
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Linear Gas Flow
Integral of Pressure Dependent Terms
(zmg )=Constant
(zmg )=Constant, Linear Flow
Real Gas Pseudopressure
Real Gas Pseudopressure, Linear Flow
Radial Gas Flow
LABORATORY DETERMATION OF PERMEABILITY
LABORATORY METHODS FOR DETERMINING ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY
WHOLE-CORE METHOD
CORE PLUG METHOD
LAB PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING PERMEABILITY
PERM PLUG METHOD LIQUID FLOW
Laboratory Determination of Absolute Permeability, Liquid Flow
ISSUES AFFECTING LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
CORE HANDLING PROCESSES AFFECT PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS
FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
PRESSURES AFFECT LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
CORE HETEROGENEITIES AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
PRESSURES AFFECT LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
CORE HETEROGENEITIES AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY
EXAMPLE CORE REPORT
Laboratory Analysis of Gas Flow Mean Pressure Method
Porosity
RESERVOIR POROSITY
POROSITY DEFINITION
OBJECTIVES
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONE
ORIGINS OF POROSITY IN CLASTICS AND CARBONATES
PRIMARY (ORIGINAL) POROSITY
SECONDARY (INDUCED) POROSITY
SANDSTONES POROSITY TYPES
FACTORS THAT AFFECT POROSITY
GRAIN PACKING IN SANDSTONE
CUBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Porosity Calculations - Uniform Spheres
RHOMBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Packing of Two Sizes of Spheres
Grain-Size Sorting in Sandstone
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF POROSITY
Relative Permeability