Matrices for documentation, planning and evaluation of active citizenship training with formal instructional models or informal learning patterns



Part I: Instructional models and formal active citizenship training:

Didactic Model / Definition / Didactic Principles / Reference to active citizenship training, examples and practical experiences / Evaluation forms and instruments

Activity method Assignment method
Project seminar
Template for a block-design / Learners work on complex tasks individually or in small groups in order to practice and apply (theoretical) knowledge and skills. / autonomous learning,
individualized learning,
holistic learning;
learning in small groups, / This didactic model has a strong relationship to life skills / Solutions to tasks as checkable products;
conversation;
feedback through comments;
topics/criteria:
·  successful?
·  individual solution or together?
·  mutual control by learners themselves,
·  self evaluation,
·  which possible solutions?

Disputation
Dispute,
Debate,
Technique of pro and contra
Panel discussion / Learning with the technique of pro and contra whereby the range of divergent opinions on matters of dispute was organized into categories, for and against specific propositions in order to train the power and ability of judgment and reasoning. / dialectic learning; / Discussion on different values, points of view,
Youth parliament:
http://eyp.beanpower.com/new/events.php / Assessment of the disputants by the audience/arbitrators

Exploration
Excursion
Excursion,
Exploration,
Practical experience,
Field study; / Learners explore the natural environment or institutions for the observation or data collection, in order to overlook coherences and to arouse new interests or points of view. / learning by experiencing,
learning by direct contact/practice,
orientated learning,
incidental learning / Visits to exhibitions,
visit of houses and neighborhood
excursion to the land
collecting relevant information on other cultures via internet / Evaluation of records and products by outsiders (parents, e.g.), also mutual and self evaluation of learners

Case method
Case study / Learners work individually or in groups on reconstructed cases in order to acquire knowledge about the specific practice or procedure and to train the decision-making ability and power of judgment. Case-based learning using case studies to present learners with a realistic situation and require them to respond as the person who must solve a problem / practical learning,
problem-solving learning; / Simple cases on intercultural relations/conflicts
Critical incidents
Culture assimilator / Casuistic work is familiar to many sciences and can be evaluated concerning
a) method (have the right operations been done?),
b) output, results (what is the outcome of the case study?)
c) increase in competence

Apprenticeship
Assistance
Assistance,
Voluntary service; / Practitioners acquire specific knowledge of high quality by assisting an expert with his/her work over a longer period of time. / learning by assisting,
learning on a model; / Accompanying a qualified person / Evaluation by expert and clients (e.g. patients),
evidence of products;

Distance study Correspondence instruction
Correspondence courses and studies,
Tele-college,
Tele-learning / Learners acquire (theoretical) knowledge (facts, terms, models etc.) by reading specially prepared learning /teaching materials as well as by working on meaningful tasks / individual learning,
learning with media / Study material on theories and models of culture and intercultural relationships / Evaluation by advisor, esp. on the basis of exercises, homework

Classroom teaching Expository teaching / Learning is initiated by the teacher and supported by illustrative material aiming at transmitting specific orientation knowledge. / teacher-guided learning,
learning in learning groups
thematic-orientated learning;
presenting education,
“impetus-giving” education; / Teacher guided course (expert) / often incidental feed-back,
from time to time formal examinations with class tests

Programmed instruction
Personalized instruction
Computer-based training (CBT); / Learners acquire predefined knowledge and skills by following a programmed learning program in small and individual learning steps. / individualized learning,
programmed learning,
target-orientated learning; / Will be only convenient for thereotical knowledge, facts, background knowledge of active citizenship / Evaluation is strictly prepared and part of the instructional system, can be concomitant or summative, often multiple-choice items

Individualized learning center
Laboratory plan
Self-learning place,
Library / Learners acquire factual or term knowledge with the help of selected and systematically arranged texts and AV-media which stand in relation to previously developed questions. / self-directed learning,
learning with media,
Interlinkage between cognitive structures of the learners and the knowledge categories/frame; / Good for orientation and background-knowledge / A broad range of possibilities, e.g. tests, essays, reports, oral examination

Micro-study circle
Small group discussion
Group discussion,
Thematic-centered interactive method / Learners acquire predominately knowledge about personal experiences, evaluations, attitudes and desires by sharing information and opinions in a structured discussion. / learning by mutual exchange,
learning in structured dialogues / Sharing experiences on intercultural encounters / obsercation, minutes of group work, reports

Educational/learning exhibition
Fair,
Activity museum; / Learners acquire knowledge at open learning spaces by regarding or handling exhibited or commented objects or illustrations in a certain order. / mobile learning,
learning with “exhibits”; / Exhibition to present a culture, learners could prepare an exhibition with clients from a certain culture / Evaluation by expert and visitors (e.g. parents),
evidence of products;

(Educational) dialog
Socratic Dialog,
Therapeutic dialogue.
Dialectic dialogue; / Learner lead detailed and arranged dialogues with other people, in order to obtain perceptions about themselves and their relation with the environment. / dialogue learning,
discovery learning, (identification process in a double sense); / Lead a clarifying interview with a client / Evaluation may be part of the dialog

Clarifying educational environment
Interactive man-environment learning system/approach
“Freinet”-pedagogy / By acting in a specially equipped and didactically prepared learning environment, learners acquire theoretic and practical knowledge from multiple perspectives. / learning in elementary situations,
multi-perspective learning,
learning without intended purpose;
; / Installation of a social context / Evaluation of products;
observation of behavior

Educational conference
Congress,
Symposium,
Conference / Learners meet other people, in order to mutually transmit (actual) problem-solving or interpretation knowledge in lectures, discussions and prepared contributions. / collegial learning,
incidental learning; / Installation of a social context (class parliament, e.g.) / Evaluation of products, decisions;
observation

Educational network
Experience circle,
Computer conferencing, / Learners produce new knowledge, in particular about innovative practice and mutually and unselfishly exchange this knowledge in mostly written reports. / experience-related learning,
mutual learning,
activation of dynamic knowledge;
video conferencing,
Internet; / Trainers build up their own network for exchanging experience during practice;
mutual help;
dissemination of solutions / Analyzation of processes;
evaluation of products/decisions

Learning project
Project method / Learners participate in projects of innovative practice, in order to apply newly acquired knowledge and to contribute to the improvement of the practice. / innovative learning,
interdisciplinary learning; / Projects are activities within the real life / Feedback by results of the intervention (evidence),

Simulation
Planning game,
Role play,
Simulator training; / Learners adopt a part (often in a playful way) and/or act in a simulated environment, in order to develop and train above all their decision-making ability and their capacity to act in naturalistic, but however relieved situation. / playful learning,
anticipatory learning; / Culture and social simulation games from short role plays to complex strategic learning / Evaluation of solutions;
arbitrators

Peer tutoring
Training-assistance approach; / Learners become teacher themselves and transmit knowledge to their peers. / learning by teaching,
learning from peers; / using model learning / Tutors are in close contact to learners and stedily can give feed-back, e.g. by comments, explanations, demonstration of correct action

Lecture method / Learners acquire knowledge and concepts by participating as members of an audience in an oral presentation partially supported by media. / most suitable for theoretical knowledge / Later formal examination situation with semi-standardized tests, essay-type written examination

Educational workshop

Workshop,
Quality circle / Experienced people acquire predominately up-to-date knowledge which is brought in either by individual participants or produced together and solve at least exemplary problems. / product-orientated learning,
collegial learning; / To find solutions for problems in practice and to develop case study and simulation material.

Part II: Informal learning patterns:

Pattern / Description / Examples / Actors / Learning activities / Teaching activities /

Devices

/ Evaluation of learning effects /
1. Objects (natural or artificial) /
Work of art (e.g. painting, sculpture)
/ The impact of works of art on learning is seen and utilized since centuries, paintings with scenes from the bible were a sort of anthology or reader for the public in the Middle Ages, e.g. / http://www.brock.uni-wuppertal.de/cgi-bin/echo.pl?vorlage=v_white_32&stw=Besucherschule
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazon_Brock#documenta_Besucherschule / artist,
visitor,
guide,
expert / viewing,
listening to explanations,
asking the expert,
watching others how they see the object, / technique and “message” of the artist,
commentary of the artist, / object,
inscription,
catalogue, / observations,
questions/answers,
discussion,
group discussion,
essay, /
„Lehrpfad“
/ Arrangements of nature objects, as for example trees in a certain order of species and replenished with inscriptions on boards. / ttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehrpfad
http://www.mpi-marburg.mpg.de/mmedia/lehrpfad.shtml / observation,
task solutions,
questions/answers,
discussion,
group discussion,
essay, /
Person as idol, model
/ Imitation (observational, model) learning plays a very important role in human development and can be seen as a basic form of learning (Albert Bandura) / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura / observation,
questioning /
Artefakt (e.g. technical device, machine)
/ Artificial objects may have genuine functions for learning about and with them, the may be self-explanatory. Many things we do are developed on closer examination of details and their mechanisms. / usage /
Demonstration model / Demonstration models build a simplifying copy of a reality for reasons of explanation or insight / http://www.treibhauserde.ch/ / explanation /
2. Media, Information devices /
Operating instructions, ,„job-aid“
/ With the technical and scientific progress innumerable amounts of operation instructions have to be produced and used. Technical devices, how to use a stain-remover, how many pills and under which circumstances are some of the needs that we are confronted with.
A job-aid is a shortened version for those, who have an orientation of handling the thing, but must be helped in doing it in the right order, e.g. / http://www.tekom.de/index_neu.jsp?url=/servlet/ControllerGUI?action=voll&id=700 / usage /
“Belehrung”
/ Learning through explanations in the context of acting out l / explanation,
observation /
Poster
/ A poster is a plate which sends some messages to people; it concentrates on few, but by text and images clearly manifested expressions. / Poster1 / producer,
organizer,
percipient / viewing, reading, receiving, remembering when needed / clearly structured arrangement of documents (texts, oictures, diagrams) / do people remember it later?
do people convert the message into practice? /
Book, script
/ Learning from a book / test, essay, discussion /
PC
/ Learning from PC in general / test, essay, discussion,
observation, /
Website
/ Learning from a spcial website, dedicated to a distinguished topic / test, essay, discussion,
observation /
Newscast
/ Learning from actual messages, the continuity has to be established by the viewer / test, essay, discussion,
observation /
Feature
/ Thematically enclosed production like documentary film / essay,
discussion,
observation /
(Information) stand
/ Learning from a set of information which can be read within a short time, with further information on demand (brochure, talk to an expert, e.g.) / essay,
discussion,
observation,
short test (questions on exposed information) /
3. Acting units (planned, regulated or methodical sequence of actions /
Coaching
/ “The coach is there to provide bespoke personal development, to listen to your requirements, to answer your questions, to challenge you, to inspire and encourage you.”
http://www.ldl.co.uk/leadership-management-training.htm / essay,
discussion,
questions,
observation, /
Consultation
/ Learning/teaching on occasion of other grounds, e.g. getting/giving information on an illness / observation, questions /
Statutory proceedings
/ Following certain rules or a regulated procedure, e.g. a trial / observation, questions, minute /
Ceremony
/ Following ritual procedures / observation, questions /
4. (complex) Situation, scenery /
Excursion
/ Visit to a museum, a zoo, an important place / products, essay, questions, discussion, observation /
Performance (theatre, cinema, concert)
/ Seeing a complex situation as play, often with a clarifying intention (epic theatre, e.g.) / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_theatre
http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=18052 / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Play
/ Seen under the aspect of “homo ludens”;
most famous pedagogical theories and practical usage from Friedrich Fröbel and Maria Montessori

“Play is the highest expression of human development in childhood for it alone is the free expression of what is in a child's soul.” (Friedrich Fröbel)

/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Fr%C3%B6bel
http://froebelgallery.safeshopper.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori
http://www.unitedmontessori.com/ / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Conference
/ Learning in a situation with common decision processes / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Teamwork
/ Learning in a situation with common production processes / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
5. Events /
Exhibition
/ Learning in a situation with exposed objects / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Fair
/ Learning in a situation with common bargaining processes / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Festivity, festival
/ Learning in a situation with common artistic processes / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Turning-point (e.g. marriage, First Communion, life crisis)
/ Learning and perhaps changing habits through profound events / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
6. Life area, habitat /
Family
/ The family constitutes the first important learning environment for nearly all human beings. Even in modern societies with nuclear families and a highly developed formal education system the family’s influence on cognitive and other aspects of personal development exceed any other by far.
The informal curriculum of the family is delivered by demonstration, explanation, rewards and punishment … / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions /
Work space
/ Besides partnership and family this domain is the most important for most adult persons. The daily work offers always new challenges and needs new solutions. / products, / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Housing
/ Learning in a situation with practical processes, partly as routines, partly as new challenges / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Gardening
/ Learning in a situation with practical processes, partly as routines, partly as new challenges / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Hobby
/ Learning in a situation with practical processes, partly as routines, partly as new challenges / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Neighbourhood
/ Learning from others mostly in practical situations, also much exchange of opinions and interpretations. / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Friendships
/ Learning from others mostly in practical situations, also much exchange of opinions and interpretations. / http://www.so-fern-so-nah.de/ / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Religious community
/ Learning in social contexts from and with others in a situation of common values. / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Political community
/ Learning in social contexts from and with others often in a situation of different values but common duties. / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Club (music, sport etc.)
/ Learning from and with others from a common point of interest. / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
performance,
products /
Travelling, tourist
/ Learning from insight into other countries and cultures. / Learning through the world:
http://www.escampette.net/ / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions, /
School (extra-curricular)
/ Schools always have an aspect of community besides the instructional reasons. Pedagogcal reformers often have stressed upon this more than on the instructional reasons of schools, / http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landerziehungsheim / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /
Student exchange
/ Learning from living in other countries and cultures / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions, /
Internship
/ Learning from practical work without obligation of daily routines. / essay,
discussion,
observation,
questions,
products /

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