Appendix Linder, Radiation Rates

Appendix – Linder, Radiation rates

Region / Reference / Taxon / Diversity / Age (minimum-maximum) / Notes
Andes / Hershkovitz et al. 2006 / Chaetanthera / 44 / 16.5 / This includes both Andean and lowland species.
Andes / Kay et al. 2005 / Costus subg. Costus / 51 / 4.5(1.5-7.1) / 51 South American and a few African species. South American species in wet low-elevation sites, Andean foothills.
Andes / Pirie et al. 2006 / Cremastosperma / 35 / 7.3(7.17-7.54)
Andes / Berry et al. 2004 / Fuchsia / 80 / 22
Andes / von Hagen & Kadereit 2001 / Gentianella / 170 / 3 / We assume a single dispersal to South America, which is not contradicted by the data, although there is no positive evidence of the monophyly of the Andean species. The calibration is by the age of the habitat.
Andes / Pirie et al. 2006 / Klarobelia / 12 / 7.56(7.46-7.69)
Andes / Hughes & Eastwood 2006 / Lupinus / 81 / 1.47(1.18-1.76) / This includes only the Andean clade
Andes / Pirie et al. 2006 / Malmea / 6 / 9.71(9.54-9.88)
Andes / Pirie et al. 2006 / Mosannona / 14 / 8.25(7.88-8.62)
Andes / Chacon et al. 2006 / Oreobolus / 7 / 5.75(5.5-6) / This is dated on emergence of Hawaii, thus is a maximum age, which will underestimate diversification rates.
Andes / Bell & Donoghue 2005 / Valeriana / 175 / 5(5-24) / I used the age of the Andes (5 Mya) as the calibration point. The age of the clade estimated by most methods is ca. 20 Mya, except by the Bayesian relaxed clock, which gives a range of 10-20 My.
Australia / Crisp et al. 2004; Crisp & Cook 2007 / Banksia / 143 / 41 / This dating is based on both molecular calculations as well as directly on fossil evidence.
Australia / Crisp et al. 2004 / Bossiae / 70 / 16
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Casuarinaceae / 95 / 55 / This age is substantially older than in earlier molecular dating, but is based on fossil evidence.
Australia / Crisp et al. 2004 / Daviesia / 140 / 20
Australia / Yesson & Culham 2006 / Drosera / 68 / 40.215(40.01-40.42) / It seems unclear precisely how many species are in Australia, I should still check this against Flora of Australia.
Australia / Crisp et al. 2004 / Eucalyptus / 600 / 50 / The problems with dating of this clade are discussed by Crisp etal, there could be an error of ca. 10 My in it.
Australia / Mummenhoff et al. 2004 / Lepidium / 26 / 1(0.6-1.4) / This clade may be of hybrid origin.
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Pultenaea / 470 / 18
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Restionaceae / 144 / 58
Australia / Linder, unpublished data / Rytidosperma / 40 / 1.5 / This date is not precise.
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Scaevola / 71 / 28 / This is based on all species in the genus, not only the Australian species.
Australia / Crayn et al. 2006 / Tetratheca / 39 / 17 / There are also calculations for the ex-family, but these are not as clearly presented.
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Wurmbea / 19 / 7.4 / A small Australian section of the genus nested in a predominantly African distribution.
Australia / Crisp & Cook 2007 / Xanthorrhoea / 28 / 17 / An endemic Australian genus.
Cape / Linder, unpublished data / Asteraceae-Arctotieae / 106 / 17.9
Cape / Linder, unpublished data / Bruniaceae / 67 / 49
Cape / Galley et al. 2007 / Disa / 160 / 27 / This includes the whole African range.
Cape / Yesson & Culham 2006 / Drosera / 20 / 10.735(7.73-13.74)
Cape / Linder, unpublished data / Genistae / 516 / 39.8
Cape / Mummenhoff et al. 2005 / Heliophila / 81 / 4.4(4.2-4.6) / There are a range of estimates for this age, but these all lie within the same broad range, from 3-5 Mya
Cape / Schrire et al. 2003 / Indigofera / 87 / 13 / The dating produced a wide range, we use the mean here.
Cape / Barker et al. 2007 / Leucodendrinae / 266 / 39.7 / Although this is a stem-group date, it seems to be close to the crown-group from unpublished data.
Cape / Forest et al. 2007 / Muraltia / 117 / 24.8
Cape / Bakker et al. 2005 / Pelargonium / 280 / 30.54 / This includes all the species, as well as the Australian sect. Peristera, which are nested in the genus.
Cape / Galley et al. 2007 / Pentaschistis / 86 / 10
Cape / Richardson et al. 2001 / Phylica / 150 / 7.5(7-8) / This early dating has some play in it.
Cape / Linder et al. 2005 / Restionaceae / 350 / 40
Cape / Klak et al. 2004 / Rushioideae / 1563 / 7(3-8.7) / I have recalculated this dating, and suspect that the older dates might be more appropriate.
Cape / Linder, unpublished data / Rutaceae-Diosmaea / 268 / 18
Cape / Linder, unpublished data / Stilbaceae / 20 / 17
Cape / Goldblatt et al. 2002 / Moraea / 195 / 15.6
Cape / Rutschmann, unpublished data / Penaeaceae / 23 / 18
Eurasia / Oberprieler 2005 / Anthemidae / 620 / 18
Eurasia / Wang et al. 2007 / Diplazoptilon / 2 / 1.8
Eurasia / Wang et al. 2007 / Dolomieae / 14 / 13
Eurasia / Zhang et al. 2007 / Epimedium / 58 / 8.55(7.4-9.7)
Eurasia / Kadereit et al. 2004 / Gentiana-Ciminalis / 7 / 0.76 / Spp number estimate
Eurasia / Kadereit et al. 2004 / Globularia / 23 / 7.6
Eurasia / Liu et al. 2006 / Ligularia / 260 / 10.85
Eurasia / Kadereit et al. 2004 / Primula-Auriculata / 25 / 2.4
Eurasia / Kadereit et al. 2004 / Soldanella / 16 / 0.98 / These ages are based on IST rates, and are remarkably young, compared to most other dating. I am keeping them in, but they might distort the results
Eurasia / Galicia-Herbada 2006 / Thymelaea / 31 / 9.15(7.1-11.2) / rough - no precise details
Hawaii / Baldwin & Sanderson 1998 / Silverswords / 28 / 6
Juan Fernandez / Sang etal 1994 / Dendroseris / 11 / 2.6
New Zealand / Wagstaff et al. 2006 / Abrotanella / 20 / 4.2 / This story is complex, with 5 sp in South America
New Zealand / Linder, unpublished data / Chionochloa / 22 / 5
New Zealand / Wagstaff & Wege 2002; Winkworth et al. 2005 / Forsteria (Stylidiaceae) / 7 / 6
New Zealand / von Hagen & Kadereit 2001 / Gentianella / 30 / 2.05(1.4-2.7)
New Zealand / Winkworth et al. 2005 / Hebe / 100 / 3.9
New Zealand / Winkworth et al. 2005 / Myosotis / 34 / 8.35(2-14.7)
New Zealand / Winkworth et al. 2005 / Pachycladon / 8 / 2.25(1-3.5)
New Zealand / Winkworth et al. 2005 / Scleranthus / 3 / 4.45(1.2-7.7)
Tropical African / Davis et al. 2002 / Acridocarpus / 25 / 27
Tropical African / Weeks & Simpson 2007 / Commiphora / 190 / 27.8 / The African commiphora are not monophyletic, with Mad, indian and South American species nested in them.
Tropical African / Renner 2004 / Melastomeae / 185 / 16(15-17)
Tropical American / Pirie et al. 2006 / Annonaceae / 900 / 25.095(24.76-25.43)
Tropical American / Erkens et al. 2007 / Guatteria / 230 / 6.2(6.2-19.2) / I used the most recent date (6.2 Mya), but the older dates have an equally good justification.
Tropical American / Richardson et al. 2001 / Inga / 300 / 4.5(3.5-5.9)
Tropical American / Moore & Jansen 2006 / Tiquilia / 30 / 33.5

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