Appendix B: Construction of Dependent Variables

Supplemantary Material

Appendix B: Construction of Dependent Variables

With DK Responses Included / With DK Responses Included/Additional Middle Responses Dropped / With DK Responses Excluded* / With DK Responses Excluded/ Additional Middle Responses Dropped
Support for Shari’a / Dummy variable created from 5 category variable / Same/No change / Dummy variable created from 4 category variable with mid-point split / Same/No change
Support for Democracy / Additional middle category responses + Dummy variable created from 5 category variable / Additional middle category responses dropped + Dummy variable created from 5 category variable / Additional middle category responses + Dummy variable created from 5 category variable / Additional middle category responses dropped + Dummy variable created from 4 category variable with mid-point split

*When DK responses are dropped from the construction to dependent variables, the same rule was also applied to the construction of the independent variables.

Additional Models

Table 1: BivariateProbit Estimations (DK responses included)

Category 2 for Democracy Support Excluded / Category 2 for Democracy Support Included
VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a / Democracy / Shari’a
Political Trust / 0.098*** / 0.053** / 0.072*** / 0.020
(0.029) / (0.026) / (0.019) / (0.021)
Interpersonal Trust / -0.073 / -0.050 / 0.052 / -0.070
(0.064) / (0.060) / (0.042) / (0.048)
Gender Attitudes / 0.204*** / -0.058* / 0.130*** / -0.058**
(0.036) / (0.033) / (0.023) / (0.027)
Anti-West / 0.108* / 0.103* / 0.025 / 0.077
(0.064) / (0.060) / (0.041) / (0.048)
Non-Secular / -0.033 / 0.266*** / -0.057*** / 0.264***
(0.024) / (0.022) / (0.015) / (0.018)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.060** / 0.131*** / 0.031* / 0.135***
(0.027) / (0.024) / (0.017) / (0.019)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.071*** / 0.053*** / -0.048*** / 0.047***
(0.023) / (0.020) / (0.014) / (0.016)
Age / -0.036 / -0.021 / 0.009 / -0.021
(0.022) / (0.020) / (0.014) / (0.016)
Female / -0.348*** / 0.061 / -0.253*** / 0.060
(0.061) / (0.056) / (0.039) / (0.045)
Education / 0.124*** / 0.071*** / 0.079*** / 0.048***
(0.021) / (0.020) / (0.014) / (0.016)
Religious / 0.037 / 0.087*** / -0.008 / 0.085***
(0.024) / (0.023) / (0.016) / (0.018)
Income / 0.053*** / 0.007 / 0.012* / 0.008
(0.011) / (0.010) / (0.007) / (0.008)
Jordan / -0.846*** / -0.354*** / -0.902*** / -0.252***
(0.103) / (0.097) / (0.068) / (0.081)
Palestine / -0.459*** / -1.317*** / -0.877*** / -1.193***
(0.109) / (0.094) / (0.066) / (0.075)
Algeria / -1.113*** / -0.179 / -0.962*** / -0.171*
(0.112) / (0.111) / (0.074) / (0.090)
Kuwait / -0.177 / -0.017 / -0.678*** / -0.104
(0.158) / (0.129) / (0.087) / (0.101)
Lebanon / -0.585*** / -1.668*** / -0.751*** / -1.587***
(0.156) / (0.129) / (0.095) / (0.107)
Yemen / -0.945*** / -0.275** / -0.760*** / -0.077
(0.118) / (0.113) / (0.079) / (0.096)
Constant / 0.253 / -0.828*** / 0.183 / -0.658***
(0.240) / (0.217) / (0.156) / (0.178)
Observations / 3,252 / 3,252 / 5,021 / 5,021

Table 2: BivariateProbit Estimations(DK responses dropped)

Category 2 for Democracy Support Excluded / Category 2 for Democracy Support Included
VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a / Democracy / Shari’a
Political Trust / 0.227*** / 0.055 / 0.199*** / 0.032
(0.043) / (0.044) / (0.035) / (0.039)
Interpersonal Trust / 0.222*** / -0.064 / 0.149*** / -0.091
(0.071) / (0.072) / (0.057) / (0.065)
Gender Attitudes / 0.074 / -0.145** / 0.119*** / -0.152***
(0.056) / (0.058) / (0.045) / (0.053)
Anti-West / -0.075 / 0.036 / -0.064 / 0.009
(0.066) / (0.071) / (0.054) / (0.063)
Non-Secular / -0.119*** / 0.394*** / -0.078*** / 0.386***
(0.036) / (0.038) / (0.029) / (0.034)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.013 / 0.085** / 0.023 / 0.097***
(0.039) / (0.040) / (0.032) / (0.035)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.070** / 0.082** / -0.095*** / 0.100***
(0.032) / (0.033) / (0.026) / (0.030)
Age / 0.037 / -0.009 / 0.026 / -0.003
(0.024) / (0.025) / (0.020) / (0.022)
Female / -0.106 / 0.182*** / -0.105** / 0.144**
(0.064) / (0.067) / (0.053) / (0.061)
Education / 0.075*** / 0.007 / 0.054*** / -0.007
(0.024) / (0.024) / (0.019) / (0.022)
Religious / -0.027 / 0.051* / -0.036 / 0.079***
(0.028) / (0.029) / (0.022) / (0.026)
Income / 0.002 / -0.000 / 0.002 / -0.006
(0.011) / (0.012) / (0.009) / (0.011)
Jordan / -1.392*** / -0.172 / -1.258*** / -0.208*
(0.125) / (0.125) / (0.100) / (0.115)
Palestine / -1.322*** / -1.252*** / -1.303*** / -1.297***
(0.118) / (0.109) / (0.093) / (0.101)
Algeria / -1.160*** / 0.131 / -1.038*** / 0.003
(0.138) / (0.149) / (0.112) / (0.135)
Kuwait / -1.235*** / -0.166 / -1.107*** / -0.170
(0.154) / (0.153) / (0.125) / (0.142)
Lebanon / -1.039*** / -1.597*** / -1.168*** / -1.562***
(0.163) / (0.151) / (0.125) / (0.134)
Yemen / -1.001*** / 0.048 / -0.968*** / 0.139
(0.157) / (0.166) / (0.124) / (0.157)
Constant / 1.263*** / -0.229 / 0.805*** / -0.179
(0.292) / (0.298) / (0.238) / (0.270)
Observations / 2,410 / 2,410 / 2,968 / 2,968

Table 3: Probit Estimations(Shari’a Support and Democracy Support as exogenous variables)

VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a
Democracy/Shari’a Support / -0.051 / -0.053
(0.066) / (0.062)
Political Trust / 0.200*** / 0.036
(0.035) / (0.040)
Interpersonal Trust / 0.148*** / -0.088
(0.057) / (0.065)
Gender Attitudes / 0.117** / -0.150***
(0.046) / (0.053)
Anti-West / -0.063 / 0.008
(0.054) / (0.063)
Non-Secular / -0.073** / 0.385***
(0.030) / (0.034)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.024 / 0.098***
(0.032) / (0.035)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.094*** / 0.099***
(0.026) / (0.030)
Age / 0.026 / -0.003
(0.020) / (0.022)
Female / -0.103* / 0.142**
(0.053) / (0.061)
Education / 0.054*** / -0.006
(0.019) / (0.022)
Religious / -0.035 / 0.078***
(0.022) / (0.026)
Income / 0.002 / -0.006
(0.009) / (0.011)
Jordan / -1.260*** / -0.228*
(0.100) / (0.117)
Palestine / -1.322*** / -1.319***
(0.096) / (0.104)
Algeria / -1.038*** / -0.012
(0.112) / (0.136)
Kuwait / -1.108*** / -0.187
(0.125) / (0.143)
Lebanon / -1.194*** / -1.580***
(0.129) / (0.136)
Yemen / -0.966*** / 0.125
(0.124) / (0.157)
Constant / 0.829*** / -0.141
(0.240) / (0.273)
Observations / 2,968 / 2,968

Table 4: Probit Estimations (DKsincluded & Shari’a Support and Democracy Support as exogenous variables)

VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a
Democracy/Shari’a Support / 0.084* / 0.079*
(0.048) / (0.045)
Political Trust / 0.072*** / 0.018
(0.019) / (0.021)
Interpersonal Trust / 0.053 / -0.072
(0.042) / (0.048)
Gender Attitudes / 0.132*** / -0.061**
(0.023) / (0.027)
Anti-West / 0.024 / 0.076
(0.041) / (0.048)
Non-Secular / -0.063*** / 0.266***
(0.015) / (0.018)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.028 / 0.135***
(0.017) / (0.019)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.049*** / 0.048***
(0.014) / (0.016)
Age / 0.010 / -0.021
(0.014) / (0.016)
Female / -0.255*** / 0.068
(0.039) / (0.045)
Education / 0.078*** / 0.045***
(0.014) / (0.016)
Religious / -0.010 / 0.085***
(0.016) / (0.018)
Income / 0.012* / 0.007
(0.007) / (0.008)
Jordan / -0.898*** / -0.226***
(0.068) / (0.083)
Palestine / -0.849*** / -1.169***
(0.067) / (0.077)
Algeria / -0.959*** / -0.144
(0.074) / (0.091)
Kuwait / -0.677*** / -0.085
(0.087) / (0.101)
Lebanon / -0.708*** / -1.567***
(0.098) / (0.107)
Yemen / -0.759*** / -0.055
(0.079) / (0.097)
Constant / 0.152 / -0.702***
(0.157) / (0.179)
Observations / 5,021 / 5,021

Table 5: Probit Estimation with Interaction Terms (Support for Shari’a and Democracy are interacted with indicators of Values)

VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a
Support for Democracy or Shari’a / 0.083 / -0.061
(0.270) / (0.285)
Interaction with nonsecular / -0.062 / 0.023
(0.065) / (0.066)
Interaction with Islamic View (Economic) / -0.022 / -0.093
(0.069) / (0.072)
Interaction with Islamic View (Legal) / 0.030 / 0.090
(0.058) / (0.059)
Political Trust / 0.199*** / 0.036
(0.035) / (0.040)
Interpersonal Trust / 0.146** / -0.085
(0.058) / (0.065)
Gender Attitudes / 0.118*** / -0.151***
(0.046) / (0.053)
Anti-West / -0.066 / 0.008
(0.054) / (0.063)
Non-Secular / -0.027 / 0.374***
(0.057) / (0.052)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.040 / 0.154***
(0.058) / (0.057)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.116** / 0.043
(0.051) / (0.048)
Age / 0.026 / -0.003
(0.020) / (0.022)
Female / -0.103* / 0.145**
(0.053) / (0.061)
Education / 0.054*** / -0.007
(0.019) / (0.022)
Religious / -0.036 / 0.080***
(0.022) / (0.026)
Income / 0.002 / -0.006
(0.009) / (0.011)
Jordan / -1.264*** / -0.233**
(0.100) / (0.118)
Palestine / -1.325*** / -1.334***
(0.096) / (0.105)
Algeria / -1.043*** / -0.029
(0.112) / (0.137)
Kuwait / -1.114*** / -0.188
(0.125) / (0.144)
Lebanon / -1.195*** / -1.591***
(0.134) / (0.136)
Yemen / -0.975*** / 0.113
(0.124) / (0.158)
Constant / 0.740** / -0.126
(0.304) / (0.318)
Observations / 2,968 / 2,968

Table 6: A robustness test with conditional effects

VARIABLES / Democracy / Shari’a
Political Trust / 0.204*** / 0.031
(0.035) / (0.039)
Interpersonal Trust / 0.145** / -0.091
(0.058) / (0.065)
Gender Attitudes / 0.050 / -0.241***
(0.076) / (0.090)
Anti-West / -0.068 / 0.010
(0.054) / (0.063)
Non-Secular / -0.211*** / 0.509***
(0.082) / (0.095)
Islamic View (Economics) / 0.014 / 0.103***
(0.032) / (0.036)
Islamic View (Legal System) / -0.094*** / 0.097***
(0.026) / (0.030)
Age / 0.027 / -0.005
(0.020) / (0.022)
Female / -0.085 / 0.125
(0.247) / (0.288)
Education / 0.053*** / -0.009
(0.019) / (0.022)
Religious / -0.205** / 0.113
(0.080) / (0.092)
Income / 0.001 / -0.006
(0.009) / (0.011)
Jordan / -1.288*** / -0.200*
(0.101) / (0.116)
Palestine / -1.355*** / -1.276***
(0.096) / (0.103)
Algeria / -1.077*** / 0.012
(0.113) / (0.136)
Kuwait / -1.148*** / -0.156
(0.127) / (0.143)
Lebanon / -1.226*** / -1.562***
(0.127) / (0.136)
Yemen / -1.002*** / 0.141
(0.125) / (0.157)
relignonsecular2 / 0.041* / -0.043*
(0.022) / (0.026)
religeconomic2 / 0.001 / 0.006
(0.013) / (0.014)
religlegal2 / 0.019 / 0.020
(0.012) / (0.014)
gendernonsecular2 / -0.010 / 0.054
(0.055) / (0.065)
gendereconomic2 / -0.018 / 0.040
(0.054) / (0.062)
genderlegal2 / 0.015 / -0.063
(0.054) / (0.065)
Constant / 1.398*** / -0.253
(0.360) / (0.404)
Observations / 2,968 / 2,968

Standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1