Supplemental material
Table A1. Multiple Regression Analyses I: Overall Analyses Across All Time Points
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM ESTABLISHED PREDICTORS
(OZER ET AL., 2003)
PTSD severity (PDS, all assessments)
/ 415.28
Number of past traumas / .02 / .04 / 1.02 / .56 / .58
Past emotional problems / .14 / .15 / 1.15 / .89 / .37
Perceived life threat / .08 / .05 / 1.08 / 1.64 / .10
Negative emotions during MVA / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 1.63 / .10
Dissociation during MVA / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 3.47 / < .01
Social support / -.03 / .01 / .97 / -3.52 / <.001
Phobia severity (TPQ, all assessments)
/ 669.70
Number of past traumas / .00 / .03 / 1.00 / -.05 / .96
Past emotional problems / .07 / .15 / 1.07 / .47 / .64
Perceived life threat / .10 / .04 / 1.10 / 2.25 / <.05
Negative emotions during MVA / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 2.03 / <.05
Dissociation during MVA / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 2.03 / <.05
Social support / -.02 / .01 / .98 / -2.50 / <.05
Depression severity (BDI, all assessments)
/ 262.32
Number of past traumas / .03 / .04 / 1.03 / .68 / .50
Past emotional problems / .29 / .18 / 1.33 / 1.65 / .10
Perceived life threat / .07 / .07 / 1.07 / 1.07 / .28
Negative emotions during MVA / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .60 / .55
Dissociation during MVA / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 2.63 / <.01
Social support / -.03 / .01 / .97 / -2.83 / <.01
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A1. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM PTSD MODEL
PTSD severity (PDS, all assessments)
/ -631.10
Cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .00 / 1.00 / 1.25 / .21
Memory disorganisation / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 2.08 / <.05
Negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .25 / .06 / 1.28 / 3.89 / <.001
Safety behaviors (total scale) / .01 / .00 / 1.01 / 1.58 / .11
Rumination about trauma and consequences / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / .97 / .33
Thought suppression / .05 / .14 / 1.05 / 1.67 / .10
Ongoing dissociation / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 1.67 / .10
Phobia severity (TPQ, all assessments)
/ -289.62
Cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .00 / 1.00 / .46 / .65
Memory disorganisation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / 2.58 / <.05
Negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .16 / .06 / 1.17 / 2.58 / <.05
Safety behaviors (total scale) / .02 / .00 / 1.02 / 4.66 / <.001
Rumination about trauma and consequences / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / -.23 / .82
Thought suppression / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 2.14 / <.05
Ongoing dissociation / 1.54 / .12 / 1.01 / .66 / .51
Depression severity (BDI, all assessments)
/ -354.83
Cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .00 / 1.00 / .30 / .76
Memory disorganisation / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .39 / .70
Negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .26 / .08 / 1.30 / 3.27 / <.01
Safety behaviors (total scale) / .00 / .00 / 1.00 / .16 / .87
Rumination about trauma and consequences / .07 / .02 / 1.08 / 3.01 / <.01
Thought suppression / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .17 / .87
Ongoing dissociation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .77 / .44
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A1. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM TRAVEL PHOBIA MODEL
Phobia severity (TPQ, all assessments)
/ -191.61
Fear during MVA / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 2.11 / <.05
Concerns about future MVA / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 1.15 / .25
Negative beliefs about other drivers / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 2.24 / <.05
Negative beliefs about travel / .05 / .01 / 1.05 / 3.18 / <.01
Safety behaviors (travel) / .03 / .00 / 1.03 / 6.11 / <.001
PTSD severity (PDS, all assessments)
/ 28.64
Fear during MVA / .03 / .20 / 1.03 / 1.96 / .05
Concerns about future MVA / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .43 / .66
Negative beliefs about other drivers / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 1.73 / .08
Negative beliefs about travel / .05 / .02 / 1.05 / 2.77 / < .01
Safety behaviors (travel) / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 5.12 / <.001
Depression severity (BDI, all assessments)
/ 446.63
Fear during MVA / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .37 / .71
Concerns about future MVA / .03 / .03 / 1.03 / 1.23 / .22
Negative beliefs about other drivers / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .67 / .51
Negative beliefs about travel / .04 / .02 / 1.04 / 1.79 / .07
Safety behaviors (travel) / .02 / .01 / 1.02 / 3.07 / < .01
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A1. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM DEPRESSION MODEL
Depression severity (BDI, all assessments)
/ -691.15
Self-devaluation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / 1.52 / .13
Negative self-evaluation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / 1.07 / .29
Depressive rumination / .06 / .01 / 1.07 / 5.39 / < .001
Social support / -.01 / .01 / .99 / -1.38 / .17
Ongoing physical problems / .06 / .02 / 1.07 / 2.68 / < .01
Stressful life events / .11 / .03 / 1.12 / 4.53 / < .001
PTSD severity (PDS, all assessments)
/ 148.13
Self-devaluation / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .00 / 1.00
Negative self-evaluation / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .01 / .93
Depressive rumination / .06 / .01 / 1.06 / 4.07 / < .001
Social support / -.02 / .01 / .98 / -1.92 / .05
Ongoing physical problems / .10 / .03 / 1.11 / 3.71 / < .001
Stressful life events / .07 / .03 / 1.08 / 2.43 / < .05
Phobia severity (TPQ, all assessments)
/ 758.56
Self-devaluation / -.01 / .01 / .99 / -.88 / .38
Negative self-evaluation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .53 / .53
Depressive rumination / .06 / .01 / 1.06 / 4.05 / < .001
Social support / -.01 / .01 / .99 / -.66 / .51
Ongoing physical problems / .07 / .03 / 1.07 / 2.40 / < .05
Stressful life events / -.01 / .04 / .99 / -.20 / .84
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A2. Multiple Regression Analyses II: End-Point Analyses Predicting Psychopathology at 6 Months
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM ESTABLISHED PREDICTORS
(OZER ET AL., 2003)
dependent variable: PDS at 6 months follow-up
model: established predictors / 329.02
number of past traumas / .00 / .05 / 1.00 / .08 / .94
past emotional problems / .49 / .24 / 1.63 / 2.13 / < .05
perceived life threat / .06 / .07 / 1.06 / .87 / .39
negative emotions during MVA / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .79 / .43
dissociation during MVA / .04 / .01 / 1.04 / 2.70 / < .01
social support / -.03 / .01 / .97 / -2.48 / < .05
dependent variable: TPQ at 6 months follow-up
model: established predictors / 567.90
number of past traumas / -.01 / .05 / .99 / -.30 / .77
past emotional problems / .11 / .18 / 1.12 / .59 / .55
perceived life threat / .05 / .06 / 1.05 / .74 / .46
negative emotions during MVA / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / 1.05 / .30
dissociation during MVA / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 2.26 / < .05
social support / -.02 / .01 / .98 / -2.05 / < .05
dependent variable: BDI at 6 months follow-up model: established predictors / 427.68
number of past traumas / .03 / .05 / 1.03 / .50 / .62
past emotional problems / .59 / .27 / 1.80 / 2.26 / < .05
perceived life threat / .04 / .09 / 1.04 / .40 / .69
negative emotions during MVA / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .34 / .73
dissociation during MVA / .04 / .01 / 1.04 / 2.54 / < .05
social support / -.03 / .01 / .97 / -1.85 / .06
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A2. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM PTSD MODEL
dependent variable: PDS at 6 months follow-up
model: PTSD model / 73.58
cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .85 / .40
memory disorganisation / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .02 / .98
negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .26 / .10 / 1.30 / 2.66 / < .01
safety behaviors (total scale) / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .95 / .34
rumination about trauma and consequences / .06 / .04 / 1.06 / 1.36 / .18
thought suppression / .04 / .03 / 1.04 / 1.71 / .08
ongoing dissociation / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .13 / .90
dependent variable: TPQ at 6 months follow-up
model: PTSD model / 229.72
cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .08 / .93
memory disorganisation / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .80 / .42
negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .24 / .09 / 1.27 / 2.71 / < .01
safety behaviors (total scale) / .01 / .01 / 1.02 / 2.28 / < .05
rumination about trauma and consequences / .01 / .03 / 1.01 / .24 / .81
thought suppression / .00 / .01 / 1.05 / 2.15 / < .01
ongoing dissociation / .00 / .01 / 1.05 / .24 / .81
dependent variable: BDI at 6 months follow-up model: PTSD model / 232.33
cognitive processing during MVA / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .57 / .57
memory disorganisation / -.02 / .02 / .98 / -.84 / .40
negative appraisals of trauma/sequelae / .24 / .14 / 1.27 / 1.72 / .09
safety behaviors (total scale) / -.01 / .01 / .99 / -.81 / .42
rumination about trauma and consequences / .11 / .05 / 1.11 / 2.27 / < .01
thought suppression / .02 / .03 / 1.02 / .75 / .45
ongoing dissociation / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .17 / .87
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A2. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM PHOBIA MODEL
dependent variable: TPQ at 6 months follow-up
model: travel phobia model / 407.47
fear during MVA / .03 / .02 / 1.03 / 1.41 / .16
concerns about future MVA / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .00 / 1.00
negative beliefs about other drivers / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / 1.20 / .23
negative beliefs about travel / .05 / .02 / 1.05 / 2.28 / < .05
safety behaviors (travel) / 1.04 / .32 / 1.03 / 3.63 / < .001
dependent variable: PDS at 6 months follow-up
model: phobia model / 202.32
fear during MVA / .01 / .02 / 1.01 / .64 / .52
concerns about future MVA / .03 / .03 / 1.03 / 1.08 / .28
negative beliefs about other drivers / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / 1.20 / .23
negative beliefs about travel / .06 / .03 / 1.06 / 2.18 / < .05
safety behaviors (travel) / .04 / .01 / 1.04 / 4.04 / < .001
dependent variable: BDI at 6 months follow-up
model: phobia model / 453.71
fear during MVA / -.01 / .03 / .99 / -.23 / .82
concerns about future MVA / .04 / .03 / 1.04 / 1.18 / .24
negative beliefs about other drivers / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / .67 / .50
negative beliefs about travel / .06 / .04 / 1.06 / 1.48 / .14
safety behaviors (travel) / .03 / .01 / 1.03 / 2.51 / < .05
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
Table A2. (continued)
Variables / B / SE B / IRR / z / p / BICPREDICTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FROM DEPRESSION MODEL
dependent variable: BDI at 6 months follow-up
model: depression model / 37.40
self-devaluation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .73 / .47
negative self-evaluation / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / 1.17 / .24
depressive rumination / .08 / .02 / 1.08 / 4.16 / < .001
social support / -.01 / .01 / .99 / -.68 / .50
ongoing physical problems / .03 / .04 / 10.3 / .83 / .41
stressful life events / .18 / .04 / 1.19 / 4.31 / < .001
dependent variable: PDS at 6 months follow-up
model: depression model / 159.02
self-devaluation / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .47 / .64
negative self-evaluation / .00 / .02 / 1.00 / .14 / .89
depressive rumination / .04 / .02 / 1.04 / 2.17 / < .05
social support / -.02 / .01 / .98 / -1.36 / .17
ongoing physical problems / .13 / .03 / 1.14 / 3.67 / < .001
stressful life events / .11 / .04 / 1.12 / 2.63 / < .01
dependent variable: TPQ at 6 months follow-up
model: depression model
self-devaluation / .00 / .01 / 1.00 / .14 / .89
negative self-evaluation / .04 / .02 / 1.04 / 1.76 / .08
depressive rumination / .02 / .02 / 1.02 / 1.27 / .20
social support / .01 / .01 / 1.01 / .50 / .62
ongoing physical problems / .11 / .04 / 1.12 / 2.90 / < .01
stressful life events / .04 / .05 / 1.04 / .80 / .42
Note: PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; TPQ = Travel Phobia Questionnaire; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, lower BIC values indicate better fit.
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Supplemental material; Ehring, Ehlers & Glucksman
Table A3. Demographic and Accident Characteristics by Recruitment Method
Total sample / Participants recruited in Emergency Department (n = 53) / Participants recruited some days after MVA (n = 94)Variable / N or M / % or SD / N or M / % or SD / N or M / % or SD
Demographics
Sex / Male / 98 / 66.7% / 39 / 73.6% / 59 / 62.8%
Female / 49 / 33.3% / 14 / 26.4% / 35 / 37.2%
Age (years) / 35.17 / 9.40 / 34.02 / 8.65 / 35.80 / 9.77
Ethnic group / Caucasian / 101 / 68.7% / 40 / 75.5% / 61 / 64.9%
Black / 33 / 22.4% / 8 / 15.1% / 25 / 26.6%
Other / 13 / 8.8% / 5 / 9.4% / 8 / 8.5%
Marital status1 / Single / 88 / 60.3% / 35 / 67.3% / 53 / 56.4%
Married / 40 / 12.3% / 6 / 11.5% / 12 / 12.8%
Divorced/separated / 18 / 27.4% / 11 / 21.2% / 29 / 30.9%
Education (years) / 14.85 / 3.96 / 14.64 / 4.06 / 14.97 / 3.92
Employment status2 / Working / 116 / 80% / 41 / 80.4% / 75 / 79.8%
Student / 20 / 13.8% / 6 / 11.8% / 14 / 14.9%
not working / 9 / 6.2% / 4 / 7.8% / 5 / 5.3%
Accident characteristics
Type of road user / Driver / 44 / 29.9% / 14 / 26.4% / 30 / 31.9%
Passenger / 23 / 15.6% / 4 / 7.5% / 19 / 20.2%
Motorcyclist / 56 / 38.1% / 25 / 47.2% / 31 / 33%
Bicyclist / 24 / 16.3% / 10 / 18.9% / 14 / 14.9%
Injury severity / ISS / 2.12 / 2.34 / 1.83 / 1.71 / 2.28 / 2.64
1n = 146; 2n = 145, ISS = Injury Severity Score (Baker, O’Neill, Haddon, & Long, 1974)
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Supplemental material; Ehring, Ehlers & Glucksman