APES Concept Maps: Exam Review
Concept Map Requirements:
Using the terms for each unit (from the words on the attached pages), create a concept map for each APES unit that links together each of the main ideas and terms we have covered. Be sure your links between concepts contain words or phrases that connect the two concepts.
The central term for your concept map is the title of the unit. (ie. “Unit 1: Earth Systems and Resources”)
Here are some examples of concept maps:
Your concept map must include the following:
The center circle must be the title of the unit.
Include each of the BOLD subcategories for the unit (see below) in your concept map
Branch from the subcategories into at least 10 terms or concepts for that unit (found in your notecards or the list attached – that I will print for you to use in class)
Be sure to include linking words or phrases on lines that explain the connection for each term or concept
Concept Map Laws
* Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors.
* Use images, symbols, codes and dimensions throughout your concept map.
* Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters.
* Each word word/image must be alone and sitting on its own line.
* The lines must be connected, starting from the central image. The central lines are thicker, organic and flowing, becoming thinner as they radiate out from the center.
* Make the lines the same length as the word/image.
* Use colors - your own code - throughout the concept map.
* Develop your own personal style of concept mapping.
* Use emphasis and show associations in your concept map.
NOTE: You may add additional text bubbles or concepts!
APES Units of Study
Unit 1 – Earth Systems and Resources
A. Earth Science Concepts
Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude
B. The Atmosphere
Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis Effect;atmosphere–ocean
interactions; EÑSO
C. Global Water Resources and Use
Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surfaceand groundwater issues;
global problems; conservation
D. Soil and Soil Dynamics
Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and other soil problems;
soil conservation
Unit 2 – The Living World
A. Ecosystem Structure
Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species
diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes
B. Energy Flow
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids
C. Ecosystem Diversity
Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services
D. Natural Ecosystem Change
Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession
E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter
Unit 3 – Population
A. Population Biology Concepts
Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship
B. Human Population
1. Human population dynamics
Historical population sizes; distribution; fertility rates; growth rates and doubling times;demographic transition;
age- structure diagrams
2. Population size
Strategies for sustainability; case studies; national policies
3. Impacts of population growth
Hunger; disease; economic effects; resource use; habitat destruction
Unit 3 – Land and Water Use
A. Agriculture
1. Feeding a growing population
Human nutritional requirements; types of agriculture; Green Revolution; genetic engineering and crop production;
deforestation; irrigation; sustainable agriculture
2. Controlling pests
Types of pesticides; costs and benefits of pesticide use; integrated pest management;relevant laws
B. Forestry
Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires; forest management; national forests
C. Rangelands
Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands
D. Other Land Use
1. Urban land development
Planned development; suburban sprawl; urbanization
2. Transportation infrastructure
Federal highway system; canals and channels; roadless areas; ecosystem impacts
3. Public and federal lands
Management; wilderness areas; national parks; wildlife refuges; forests; wetlands
4. Land conservation options
Preservation; remediation; mitigation; restoration
5. Sustainable land-use strategies
E. Mining
Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties
F. Fishing
Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties
G. Global Economics
Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the Commons; relevant laws and treaties
Unit 5 – Energy Resources and Consumption
A. Energy Concepts
Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics
B. Energy Consumption
1. History
Industrial Revolution; exponential growth; energy crisis
2. Present global energy use
3. Future energy needs
C. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use
Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reservesandglobal demand; synfuels;
environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources
D. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/
disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion
E. Hydroelectric Power
Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts
F. Energy Conservation
Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit
G. Renewable Energy
Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and
tidal energy; geothermal; environmental advantages/disadvantages
Unit 6 – Pollution
A. Pollution Types
1. Air pollution
Sources—primary and secondary; major air pollutants; measurement units; smog; aciddeposition—causes and
effects; heat islands and temperature inversions; indoor airpollution; remediation and reduction strategies; Clean
Air Act and other relevant laws
2. Noise pollution
Sources; effects; control measures
3. Water pollution
Types; sources, causes, and effects; cultural eutrophication; groundwater pollution; maintaining water quality; water
purification; sewage treatment/septic systems; CleanWater Act and other relevant laws
4. Solid waste
Types; disposal; reduction
B. Impacts on the Environment and Human Health
1. Hazards to human health
Environmental risk analysis; acute and chronic effects; dose-response relationships; airpollutants; smoking and other
risks
2. Hazardous chemicals in the environment
Types of hazardous waste; treatment/disposal of hazardous waste; cleanup of contaminated sites; biomagnification;
relevantlaws
C. Economic Impacts
Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability
Unit 7 – Global Change
A. Stratospheric Ozone
Formation of stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation; causes of ozone depletion; effectsofozone depletion; strategies
for reducing ozone depletion; relevant laws and treaties
B. Global Warming
Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect; impacts and consequences of global warming;reducing climate change;
relevant laws and treaties
C. Loss of Biodiversity
1. Habitat loss; overuse; pollution; introduced species; endangered and extinctspecies
2. Maintenance through conservation
3. Relevant laws and treaties
AP VocabUnit 0: Globalization
Vocabulary Work / MEANINGTragedy of the Commons / Written by Garrett Hardin, explains the worldwide regard to resource depletion and the idea of exploiting the “commons” for wealth.
Emissions Trading (Cap and Trade) / Providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Also includes the government setting a limit (or cap) on the amount of pollutant, which can be emitted.
Cost-Benefit Analysis / Allows for the comparison of many possible actions and for more informed decisions on where limited resources should be used. Compares the positive and negative environmental factors to aide in the decision of whether or not to proceed with a project.
Positive Externalities / A benefit which results from an activity or transaction and affects an otherwise uninvolved party who did not choose to incur the benefits. Related to the positive environmental “consequences” of production and use
Negative Externalities / A cost which results from an activity or transaction and which affects an otherwise uninvolved party who did not choose to incur that cost. Related to the negative environmental consequences of production and use.
World Bank / A global institution that provides technical and financial assistance to developing countries with the objectives of reducing poverty and promoting growth, especially in the poorest countries.
Marginal Costs / The idea that it is easier and less expensive to clean very dirty water and make it “suitable” than it is to take clean water and make it “super” clean.
Global Economics / The idea that the economy and environment are linked; the environment contains all the resources that are used by the industry which drives the economy. As consumption increases, resources become scarce and more difficult to obtain, thereby raising prices.
WHO – World Health Organization / A global institution dedicated to the improvement of human health by monitoring and assessing health trends and providing medical advice to countries.
Anthropocentric / A worldview that focuses on human welfare and well-being.
Stewardship / The careful and responsible management and care for Earth and its resources
Natural Capital / The resources of the planet, such as air, waters, and minerals.
Human Capital / Human knowledge and abilities.
GPI – Genuine Progress Indicator / A measure of economic status that includes personal consumption, income distribution, levels of higher education, resource depletion, pollution, and the health of the population.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) / A measure of the value of all products and services produced in one year in one country.
AP VocabUnit 1: Population
Vocabulary Work / MEANINGTotal Fertility Rate (TFR) / The average number of children that each women will have during her life time
Replacement-Level Fertility Rate / The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size.
Demographic Transition / A process that has occurred during the past century, leading to a stabilization of population growth in the more highly developed countries.
Age Structure Diagrams / A visual representation of the number of individuals within a specific age group for a country, typically expressed for males and females.
Carrying Capacity / Refers to the number of individuals that can be supported in a given area sustainably. This varies from species to species and can change over time.
Biotic Potential / The maximum rate at which a population can grow when resources are unlimited. Affected by: age and frequency of reproduction, number of offspring produced, reproductive life span and average death rate
Thomas Malthus / A mathematician who published his theories about the relationship between population growth and unlimited resources. He said that left unchecked (by war, famine and disease), population will grow as a J-Curve. He said there are enough resources forever they are just not distributed equally leading to malnutrition and starvation.
Survivorship Curves / A graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving at each age for a given species or group (Three Types!)
Rule of 70 / Used to find the doubling time (in years) of a population growing at a given annual percentage rate.
S Curves / Used to describe the patter of growth over an extended period of time. Population size initially increased due to unlimited resources but then begin to slow down and stabilize around the carrying capacity
J-Curve / Explains that if population is left unchecked, the maximum population growth rate can increase exponentially
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) / The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year
Crude Death Rate (CDR) / The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
Type I Survivorship / A pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age
Type II Survivorship / A pattern of survival over time in which there is relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life space
Type III Survivorship / A pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
AP VocabUnit 1: PopulationSustainability
Vocabulary Work / MEANINGAffluence / The state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property.
Family Planning / The practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control/contraception.
IPAT Equation / An equation used to estimate the impact of human lifestyle on the environment:
Municipal Solid Waste / Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions.
Waste Stream / The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.
E-Waste / Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also considered as e-waste.
Composting / Creation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity, and fertility.
Leachate / Liquid that contains elevated levels of pollutants as a result of having passed through municipal solid waste (MSW) or contaminated soil.
Sanitary Landfill / An engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW) with as little contamination of the surrounding environmental as possible.
Incineration / The process of burning waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat.
Bottom Ash / Residue collected at the bottom of the combustion chamber in a furnace
Hazardous Waste / Comprises all toxic chemicals, radioactive materials, and biologic or infectious waste most likely from industrial processes that yield unwanted byproducts and spilled materials. Controlled through international and national regulations.
CERCLA (Superfund) / A federal act that imposes a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries, funds the cleanup of abandoned and non-operating hazardous waste sites, and authorizes the federal government to respond directly to the release or threatened release of substances that may pose a threat to human health or the environment.
Integrated Waste Management / An approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of MSW.
AP VocabUnit 2: Geology (Pt. 1)
Vocabulary Work / MEANINGRock Cycle / The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes.
Igneous Rock / Rock formed directly from magma through the process of melting and solidification.
Intrusive Igneous Rock / Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground , resulting in a glassy to fine grained texture.
Extrusive Igneous Rock / Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of the earth, resulting in a coarse grained texture.
Sedimentary Rock / Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.
Metamorphic Rock / Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure.
Asthenosphere / The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock.
Hot Spot / A place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere
Plate Tectonics / The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
Divergent Plate Boundary / An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other
Seafloor Spreading / The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth’s mantle to the surface
Convergent Plate Boundary / An area where plates move toward one another and collide
Transform Plate Boundary / An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other
Earthquake / The sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth’s surface.
Epicenter / The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.
Chemical Weathering / The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both.
Acid Precipitation / Precipitation in high sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere (Acid Rain).
Physical Weathering / The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.
Erosion / The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.
Parent Material / The rock material from which the inorganic components of soil are derived.
Soil degradation / The loss of some or all of a soil’s ability to support plant growth
Horizon / A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color
O Horizon / The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition
A Horizon / Frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together (Topsoil)
E Horizon / A zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils.
B Horizon / A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
C Horizon / The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material
AP VocabUnit 3: BiogeochemicalCycles
Vocabulary Work / MEANINGTranspiration / The release of water from leaves during photosynthesis
Evapotranspiration / The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration
Runoff / Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers
Nitrogen Fixation / A process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia
Nitrification / The conversion of ammonia (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-)
Assimilation / The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues
Ammonification / The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+)
Denitrification / The conversion of nitrate (NO3-) in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and, eventually, nitrogen gas (N2), which is emitted into the atmosphere.
AP Vocab Unit 4: Living World (Pt. 1)