ANALYSIS OF SANITATION MANAGEMENT IN MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
MS. NANFUKAMOLLY
Reg. No. 09/U/14161/EXT
A Dissertation Submittedto the School of Education and External Studies as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Award of the Diploma in Youth Development Work of
Makerere University
November 2011
DECLARATION
I Ms. NanfukaMolly declare that this research is my original work and to the best of my Knowledge, no similar study hasbeen conducted nor has the same report ever been presented to any other University for award of the Diploma in Youth Development Work.
Ms. Nanfuka Molly
Date…….……………………………Signed ………………………………
APPROVAL
This study entitled “Analysis of Sanitation Management in Makerere University” was carried out under my supervision and is now ready for submission for examination to at Makerere University with my approval as the Supervisor.
Mr. Gidudu Tom
Date………………………..…Signature…………………………………
DEDICATION
I dedicate this study to my beloved uncle Mr. Kassujja Augustine who valued my education and supported it tirelessly.May God reward you abundantly.
Ms. Nanfuka Molly
Date………………………………… Signature …………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deep humility, I am humbled to extend my sincere appreciation to all those who supported my academic effort in one way or another. First, I most sincerely thank my parents for bringing into this world and also to my Supervisor Mr. GIDUDU TOM for his good guidance. I also cannot afford my course mateswith whom we shared ideas. These include Sheila, Sande, Reagan and Mathew. In a special way, I acknowledge the part played by my Uncle Mr. KASUJJA AUGUSTINE for constant moral and financial support. Once again, I affirm that without you all; this project might not have been accomplished the way that it has.
Ms. Nanfuka Molly
Date………………………………… Signature …………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
APPROVAL
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
1.3.2 Specific Objectives.
1.3.3 Research Questions
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Purpose of the Study
1.7 Definition in Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction
2.2Institutional frame work for Sanitation Management
2.3Sanitation and Health
2.4 Causes of Poor Sanitation
2.5 Challenges of Poor Sanitation
2.6Consequences of Poor Sanitation
2.7Strategies for Poor Sanitation
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 The Study Area
3.4 Study Population
3.5 Sample Size
3.6 Data Collection Methods
3.6.1 Interview
3.6.2 Observation
3.6.3 Documentary Search Design
3.7 Data Analysis
3.8 Research Procedure
CHAPTER FOUR:ANALYSIS OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 State of Sanitation
4.3 Factors Responsible for the Poor Sanitation
4.5 Causes of poor sanitation
4.5.1 Inadequate funding
4.5.2 Poor Sanitation Upbringing
4.5.3 Poor Facilitation
4.6 Challenges of Poor Sanitation
4.6.2 Incompetence of Kampala City Council Authority
4.7 The strategies for addressing poor Sanitation
4.7.1 Sub contracting private companies
4.7.2 Institution of strong punitive measures
4.8 Summary
4.9 Conclusions
4.10 Recommendations
REFERENCES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PEAP- Poverty Eradication Action Plan
NWSC- National Water and Sewerage Corporation
MOH- Ministry of Health
KKCA- Kampala City Council Authority
WHO- World Health Organization
Dept- Department
MGLSD- Ministry of Local Government
GOU- Government of Uganda
NSD- National Service Delivery
CCE- Complex Hall
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Population and sample for study
Table 2: Observation guide
Table 3: Documentary search guide
ABSTRACT
The study was concerned with analysis of sanitation management in Makerere University and was carried out from the Department of Open and Distance Learning.Its major population included students, support staff and Administrators, while the sample comprised 15 respondents who involved cleaners, decision makers and students from the Department of Open and Distance Learning. Specifically the study investigated the institutional frame work, causes, challenges and strategies of sanitation management because of the need to establish better ways of proper sanitation management and waste disposal at Makerere University (Department of Open and Distance Learning). The study adopted an ethnography study design; while the data was collected by the way of interviews, observation and documentary analysis. The study was carried out from Open and Distance Learning because it was believed that the Department had a high population of students yet had four toilets shared by both students and Administrators. It took place from April to November 2011.
From the study, it was established that poor sanitation in Makerere University existed particularly among the halls of residence. The problem of poor sanitation appeared in different forms such as dirty toilets, lack of dustbins, few cleaners and garbage waste. It was also found out that the University compound and lecture halls were among the most untidy facilities. Equally significant was that most students displayed poor toilet manners. The others were found to be reckless when dumping garbage.The University management knew about the problem of poor sanitation management but claimed to lack the capacity and appropriate rules and regulations to manage waste. The other problem related to poor drainage where for instance septic tanks were blocked because most of the time; worse, toilet users dumped polythene bags in the latrines. It was also found that septic tank covers were often stolen leaving the tanks dangerously exposed. Additionally individuals who sold food were equally irresponsible because they never bothered to ensure proper disposal of the waste products from their merchandise. The study found the available dustbins to be too small to accommodate huge heaps of garbage.
The study therefore recommends that Makerere University Committee should only award contracts to serious companies to collect garbage; and the students on getting admitted at the university need to be availed with rules and regulations on how to use the facilities in responsible manner. Those who fail to comply should be penalized by expulsion for a period of not less than one month.ded that the Department of Open and Distance Learning shouldcome up with strong policies on how to manage and solve the sanitation issues. One of such policies should be a requirement that students occasionally participate in campaigns aimed at cleaning the campus. The central Government should also arrange mass sensitization on sanitation issues beginning with communities to University level. This should be done regularly enough using such media as radio and magazines, It is also important that the Universities devise mechanisms of working with the surrounding communities towards improvement of sanitation. For instance, there should be set aside special days designated “keep Makerere Clean” during which the community should be called to work with the University community in cleaning the environment. Additionally, then Kampala City Council Authority should ensure that at least every hall of residence at the University has at least two garbage skips; while the Cleaners should be facilitated with airtime to notify KCCA to come and collect garbage whenever the skips are filled by garbage. Further, the KCCA should include in its budget sufficient funds for maintaining good sanitation at Makerere University. Other measures include the University introducing competitions among the halls of residence where the best performing hall is given incentives such as a bull to roast and amedal; which should be annual. On top of that, the University should increase its budget towards sanitation. This might be done by asking each student to pay an affordance fee of at least (five hundred shillings per semester). There is also need to convince the private sector or companies such as Mobile Telecommunications Network (MTN) to fund its sanitation activities by paying the contractors.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the Study
Sanitation is a main concern worldwide, where it is estimated that 1.2 billion people lack access to adequate water supply while about 2.5 billion people have inadequate sanitation facilities (Mehta, 2003).Sanitation is system that protects people’s health especially thosethat depose of human wastes. According toAdrenal (2002) reveals that in Africa, water supply situation is already precarious and climate change is expected to exacerbate the problem. Sanitation is common in the country and it has signs like poor drainages, poor toilets and garbage collections which has increased everywhere.
In Uganda, generally sanitation and water have been recognized as key areas under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), it was estimated that from 2001 to 2015, 4billion per year would be needed to increase water supply coverage up to 90 percent and increased poor sanitation mostly in urban areas. Generally sanitation is bad in education institutions like Universitiesand colleges.
The government in 1972 formed the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) to serve the urban centers of Kampala, Entebbe, andJinja. In 1995 NWSC was re-organized and given more authority and mandate to operate and provide water and sewerage services in areas entrusted to it. Water supply and sanitation are recognized as a key issue under the National poverty Eradication Action Plan. The PEAP is the key government approach for fighting poverty through rapid economic and social transformation. The Ministry of Health is responsible for hygiene promotion and household sanitation.
1.2 Problem Statement
Proper sanitation management is essential if efforts to prevent diseases and to promote health wellbeing are to be attained. In line with this, the government of Uganda in particular the Ministry of Health (MOH) particularly has put in place guidelines and policies to regulate proper sanitation. These policies are found within major health policies such as the National Environmental health policy and the Water policy. In Makerere University, the policy of liberalizing sanitation management was initiative to increase response time to the ever increasing heaps of garbageand deteriorating sanitation situation. The University has hired private garbage collectors and works closely with Kampala City Council Authority (KCCA) to remove the accumulated garbage. But in spite of this, the problem of sanitation in Makerere University remains even when one makes a casual observation. It was therefore urgent and desirable to undertake the study filled sanitation management in Makerere University to establish forces behind the apparent undesirable sanitation situation.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
The main objective of the study was to analyze the sanitation management in Makerere University.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives.
The study undertook to fulfill the following specific objectives:
i)To examine the institutional frame work governing sanitation management in Makerere University.
ii)To find out the causes of sanitation management in Makerere University.
iii)To establish the strategies of sanitation management in Makerere University.
iv)To find out the challenges encountered in sanitation management in Makerere University.
1.3.3 Research Questions
This study was attempted to answer the following questions.
i)How effective is the institutional frame work governing sanitation management in Makerere University?
ii)What are the main causes for sanitation management in Makerere University?
iii)What are the appropriate strategies for sanitation management in Makerere University?
iv)What are the challenges encountered in sanitation management at Makerere University?
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study dealt with the institutional frame work, challenges and strategies for sanitation management. It was restricted to the period stretching from 2000to the present. This was because it was within thistime that the University adopted the strategy of letting Departments to manage their own affairs such as sanitation. The study concentrated on the Department of Open and Distance Learning which falls under the college of Education because it was one of the largest administrative units at the University.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study was expected to be informative for Makerere University, the Government Departmentsconcerned with execution of sanitation management such as Ministry of Health, Ministries of Lands; and of Water and Environment; the researchers and academicians. The findings were also expected to act as guidelines for people operating not only around Open and Distance Learning but even other Departments in Makerere University.
1.6 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study was to analyze the sanitation management in Makerere University.
1.7 Definition in Terms
For the purpose of this study the following terms were are used in the following context:
Sanitation is a state of the environment taken well care of, to present pollutants in the air, soil, water and the living conditions of people to encourage good health.
Health represents both physical and mental wellbeing, not just the absence of diseases.
Team work is the process of people working together to accomplish set goals
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction
This chapter deals with a review of related literature on the study. This was done along side the objectives of the study, the main one being to analyze the sanitation management in Makerere University. The specific objectives were to examine the institutional management in Makerere University, to establish the strategies on sanitation management in Makerere University and to find out the challenges encountered in sanitation management in Makerere University. From these objectives, themes and sub-themes were generated, and the review was done, beginning with the most current sources working back wards. In the course of the review, a funnel model where the review begins with the international perspective, then narrows down to Continental followed by the regional, before winding up with the local perspective was adopted. The themes and subthemes under which the literature review was done were institutional frame work for sanitation management, sanitation and health, causes of poor sanitation, challenges of poor sanitation,consequences of poor sanitation and strategies for sanitation management.
2.2Institutional frame work for Sanitation Management
In Uganda the institutional frame work for sanitation management has different Ministries with different Departments; each with specified roles. The Ministry of Health has a Department of Environmental Health Division whose specified role is promotion of household hygiene and sanitation; while the Ministry of Water and Environment has a Department on Directorate of Water Development and National Water and Sewerage Corporation`sits specified role was planning investments for sewerage services. Further stillThe Ministry of Education Sports hada Department on Primary Health its specified role was latrine construction and hygiene education in schools. There are other institutional frame work on sanitation management like Ministry of local Government; Ministryof Gender Labour and Social development; Ministry of Sanitation Working Group its specified role is coordinate ministries responsible for sanitation promotion activities in sector; and Local Government on the department of district health inspectorates whose specified role is law enforcement and provision of sanitation services at the local level (Ministry of Local Government (MGLSD)(2008).
2.3Sanitation and Health
Sanitation as concept refers to the facilities and hygiene principles and practices related to the safe collection, reuse and disposal of human excreta and domestic waste water (Elledge, 2003) Good sanitation and hygiene standards are basic requirement for improved health, although the exact role of sanitation in improving public health still remain in dispute, Good environmental sanitation practices include solid waste disposal, waste water drainage and personal or community hygiene, deficiencies in these inputs contribute significantly to the continuing high rate of infant and child morality from diarrheal diseases than lack of water. The Government of Uganda (GoU) together with Development partners have reported on neglected sanitation in favour of water whose supply has risen from 61% to 70% in developing countries and Environment(Perez, 1999).
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that over the last decade, while access to water of water with access to sanitation means of excreta disposal actually declined from 36% to 34% as funding for sanitation decreasedand yet the population continued to increase. It is further reported that the relatively few existing sanitation programmes have rarely achieved the desire impact.
2.4 Causes of Poor Sanitation
The sanitation problem is a global phenomenon that is increasingly worsening. Reports indicate that 2.5 billion People, more than a third of the global population, are currently living with extremely poor or completely without sanitation a clear affront to human dignity. The lives and health of both children and adults are being put at risk by unhygienic living conditions: 5,000 children less than 5 years-old die every day as a result of diarrhea. Poor sanitation has a negative impact on the economy as illness reduces productivity. Additionally, the pollution of groundwater, rivers, lakes and oceans endangers the environment (Siwi, 2004). The strategies, laws and policies needed to promote and support functional structures and institutions in the sanitation sector are also most often lacking. There is also the lack of qualified technical and management personnel in most water and sanitation authorities and utilities (Siwi, 2004). Another cause of deteriorating sanitation situation is that some temporary residents tend ignore sanitation programs because any time they leave. In Uganda studies have shown that residents in all social, economic and health aspects mainly because one may not know the time they are to spend in a place (Nakayenga, 2001).Search for better means of living in cities as a result unreliable rains in the recent past, loss of soil fertility and increased cost of living in the rural areas: land scarcity in rural areas due to population increase: poverty among slum dwellers: unplanned slums by government and city planners(Mtungila, 2006).
2.5 Challenges of Poor Sanitation
One of the major problems facing sanitation management is that half of the world’s populations of 3.3 billion people today live in towns and cities. That figure is projected to reach two-thirds; in little over a generation from now. And half of that increase will be in the slums and squatter settlements of towns and cities in developing countries. Today 71.9% of urban Africans live in slums, 46% in Asia and a little over 30% in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cols notes that in slums and townships, the provision of safe water and basic sanitation to the urban poor is a critical challenge facing the world today, (Kasozi, 2011) says that water shortages have become a constant challenge in several regions of the world. Many countries are faced with problems of inadequate supply of drinking water, waste water management and basic sanitation. In addition, half of the world’s population will suffer from water shortages by the year 2015 if this problem is not dealt with. Most common health hazards contaminate of water sources for domestic use is the microbial pollution by human excrement of people suffering from contagious water related diseases Improvement should therefore be made on water supply and the means of keeping excremental waste from getting into the water sources and away from the environment