Table S4Application of the organic contaminants identified in water and sediment samples. The compound numbering refers to Tables S2 and S3
No. / Identified compound / Application / Reference / Origin
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs)
w1-w8,
s1-s25 / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives / Fossil fuels, incomplete combustion of organic matter / N
Hydrogenated aromatic compounds
s26-s30 / Decaline, tetraline and their alkylated derivatives / Constituents of crude oil; decaline is used as solvent / Lin et al. 1999,
Al Darouich et al. 2005 / N
Chlorinated compounds
w9 / Chloroxylenol, 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol / Antimicrobial compound applied in hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation; ingredient of antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications and household antiseptics / M
s31 / Methyltriclosan / Degradation product of the biocide triclosan that is e.g. used as antimicrobial in toothpaste / Balmer et al. 2004 / M
s32 / Dichlorobenzenes / Educt for many industrial syntheses / N
Aromatic carboxylic acids
w10 / Dehydroabietic acid / Wood component / Kringstad and Lindström 1984 / I
w11 / 3,5-Di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid / Metabolite of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is an antioxidant in packaging materials, in adhesives, cosmetics, personal care products and pharmaceuticals / Rodil et al. 2010 / I
w12 / 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid / Constituent of plants; educt for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs / Karrer 1958 / N
w13 / Phenylacetic acid / Occurs in plants and animals; used for the production of pharmaceuticals / Karrer 1958 / N
w14 / Benzoic acid / Constituent of plants, used as educt for many industrial syntheses / Karrer 1958 / N
Esters
w15 / TXIB, 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldiisobutyrate / Plasticizer, educt for the synthesis of polyvinylchloride (PVC) / N
w16 / TXIB metabolite / N
w17 / Triacetine / Used as an emollient and a humectant by the food industry, plasticizer / N
w18 / Ethyl-4-ethoxybenzoate / Used in the production of polyolefins / I
w19 / Methyldehydroabietate / Wood component / Kringstad and Lindström 1984 / I
w20 / ATBC, Acetyltributylcitrate / Plasticizer / N
w21 / Benzylbutylphthalate / Plasticizer / N
w22 / MBB, Methyl-2-(benzoyl)benzoate / Photoinitiator in UV-curable inks and coatings (trade name CHIVACURE™ OMB);
The compound was identified as constituent of printing inks in food packages and in UV curable resins. / Bradley et al. 2013,
Liu et al. 2016 / N
w23 / Dimethoxyethylphthalate / Plasticizer / N
w24 / Methyldihydrojasmonate / Fragrance in personal care products / M
Aldehydes and ketones
s33 / Benzaldehyde / Educt for the synthesis of many frequently used industrial products; also occurs in plants / N
s34 / C3-Benzaldehyde / Used as additive for resins, pharmaceutical intermediates, agro-chemical intermediates, flavors and fragrances / N
w25 / Methylbenzophenone / Photoinitaor generally used to cure ink on carton boards / N
w26 / Benzophenone / Photoinitiator for the production of special papers, generally used to cure ink on carton boards, widely employed as stabilizer;
It is also a constituent of sunscreen agents / Richardson 2009 / N
w27 / 7,9-Di-tert.-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione / Constituent or degradation product of polypropylene food packaging
Plant constituent / Alin and Hakkarainen 2011
Adeosun et al. 2013 / N
w28 / Phlorobutyrophenone, 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)butan-1-one / Occurs in plants / Singh and Bharate 2006 / N
w29 / Irgacure 184, (1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-phenylmethanone / Photoinititator for UV-curing / N
w30 / Dibenzylketone,
1,3-diphenylpropan-2-one / Used as food flavouring, educt for industrial syntheses / N
w31 / Michler`s ketone, 4,4’‐bis(N,N-dimethylamino)benzophenone / Additive in dyes and pigments, Sensitizer in the production of thermal papers, Used for the manufacturing of polymers / N
w32 / Methylbenzofuranone / Identified in gasoline exhaust particle extracts / Alsberg et al. 1985 / SR
w33 / Coumarin / Occurs in plants, e.g. cinnamon; Used as fragrance in personal care products / Karrer 1958 / M
w34 / 1-Phenylpent-1-en-3-one / Reagent for the Michael addition (carbon–carbon bond forming), one of the most important bond-forming reactions used for the industrial syntheses of many compounds / Wu et al. 2010 / (I)
w35
w36 / Dihydroindenone
Methyldihydroindenone, 2 isomers / Dihydroindenone and methyldihydro-indenones are educts for the production of hydrocarbon resins and are constituents of fuel compositions for use in gasoline engines / Iwase et al. 1978
Fukuya et al. 2014 / N
s35 / Acetophenone / Constituent of essential oil, used as hypnotic, degradation product of bisphenol F / Inoue et al. 2008 / N
w37, s 36 / Aminoacetophenone / Intermediate product resulting from the aerobic degradation of nonlyphenol;
Educt for industrial chemical syntheses, e.g. for the production of polymers / Yuan et al. 2004 / N
w38 / Isophorone, 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one / Used as solvent / I
w39 / DMPA, 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone / Photoinitiator that is used for polymer products / I
s37 / DBQ, BHT-Chinone, 2,6-Di-tert.-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione / Degradation product of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene / Rodil et al. 2010 / I
s38 / 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone / Used for the synthesis of sunscreen agents, hair dyes and formulations to control aquatic pests / Grollier 1991, Cutler et al. 2005 / (I)
Alcohols
w40 / Hydroxybiphenyl / Personal care product preservative, disinfectant
In use as household pesticide / Grossmann 1995 / M
w41 / TMDD ( 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol) / Dispersing agent in printing inks; paper and paint industry were found to be the main source of TMDD fluxes into the environment / Guedez and Püttmann 2014 / I
w42 / Diphenylmethanol / Fixative in perfumes, intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals / N
Phenols
w43 / 4-Propoxyphenol / Intermediate in the photodegradation of chlorinated phenols;
Educt for industrial syntheses / Matafonova et al. 2008 / N
w44 / Bisphenol A / Plasticizer in e.g. polycarbonate plastics, colour developer in thermal papers / I
w45 / Di-tert.-butylphenol / Antioxidant, e.g. for the production of plastic and rubber materials / I
w46, s39 / Nonylphenol technical mixture / The technical nonylphenol mixture is utilized for the industrial manufacturing of the surfactants nonylphenolpolyethoxylates; Nonylphenolethoxylates are degraded to a variety of products including nonylphenols / e.g. Ahel et al. 1994 / N
Nitrogen containing compounds
w47 / Bumetrizole / UV adsorber in sunscreen agents
UV-filter in polymers / Molins-Delgado et al. 2015 / N
w48 / N-Formylpiperidine / Solvent; educt for industrial syntheses / (I)
w49 / N,N-Dibutylformamide / Solvent; educt for industrial syntheses / (I)
w50 / Dibutylformacetamide / Application unknown; as compared to the homologue N,N-dibutylformamide present in low quantities; the compound is probably an impurity of synthesizedN,N-dibutylformamide / (I)
w51 / Porofor 57, Azo-bis-(isobutyronitril) / Polymerization initiator / N
w52, s42 / Indole / Putridity indicators, presence of indole and skatol indicate anoxic conditions in the water column / Dsikowitzky et al. 2016 / N
w53, s43 / Skatol, 3-Methylindole / N
s44 / Formamidoacetophenone / Degradation product of methylindole;
Also used as educt for industrial syntheses / e.g. Evans 1977 / N
s40 / Octyldiphenylamine / Educt for industrial syntheses, e.g. for the production of dyes;
Antioxidant, e.g. in engine oils / Monçalves et al. 2014
Kupareva et al. 2012 / (I)
s41 / Bis(4-octylphenyl)amine / High-temperature antioxidant additive in lubricants / (I)
Phosphorus containing compounds
w54 / Tributylphosphate / Solvent, plasticizer, flame retardant / N
w55 / Trioctylphosphate / Plasticizer, flame retardant / N
w56 / TCEP, Tris(1-chloroethyl)phosphate / Plasticizer, flame retardant / N
w57 / TBEP, Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate / Plasticizer / N
w58 / TPPO, Triphenylphosphinoxide / Byproduct of the Wittig-synthesis which is carried out in petrochemical industrial facilities for the industrial production of alkenes; also byproduct of further industrial syntheses
Used for the industrial production of vitamin A / Knepper and Karrenbrock 2006 / I
Sulphur containing compounds
w59 / NBBS, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide / Plasticizer / N
w60 / NMBS, N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide / Plasticizer, was detected in paper / Vinggaard et al. 2000 / N
w61 / Hexathiepane / Constituent of mushrooms and plants; hexathiepane was previously identified in industrial effluents / Botalova et al. 2011 / N
w62 / Diphenylsulfone / Educt for the synthesis of e.g. pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers and UV adsorbers; was detected in leakage water of a waste deposit / Schwarzbauer et al. 2002 / N
w63 / Irgacure 907, 2-Methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone / Photoinitiator of polymerization reactions / N
Heterocyclic compounds
w64 / Benzothiazole / Benzothiazoles are in use as vulcanization accelerators during tire production; tire-wear particles and scrap tires are the dominant sources of benzothiazoles in the environment / Ni et al. 2008 / SR
w65 / MTB, 2-Methylthiobenzothiazole / Degradation product of vulcanization accelerators, occurs e.g. in street runoff / e.g. Kloepfer et al. 2005 / SR
w66 / Benzothiazolone / Thiazol derivatives are used during rubber
production as vulcanization accelerators that catalyze the vulcanization process / Fishbein 1991 / SR
w67 / Quinaldine, 2-Methylquinoline / Quinaldine and isoquinoline are educts for many types of industrial syntheses, they also occur in coal tar and were detected in municipal sewage
w68 / Isoquinoline / Hillebrecht et al. 2015 / N
Monoaromatic compounds
w69 / Cyclohexylbenzene / Educt for chemical syntheses; Cyclohexylbenzene derivatives are used as liquid crystals in displays of phones and notebooks / (I)
s45 / C10-C13-Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs)R / Detergent residues / e.g. Takada and Eganhouse 1998 / M
Terpenoids
w70-72, w74-75 / Juvabione, amorphene, cadinole, menthol, terpineoleR / Constituents of essential oils, used a fragrances in personal care products / M
w73 / CamphorR / Occurs in plants; used as plasticizer and for the production of disinfection agents; constituent of medical ointments / Karrer 1958 / N
Physiologically effective compounds
w76 / DEET, N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide / Insect repellent / M
w77 / Caffeine / Stimulant / M
w78 / Propyphenazone / Pharmaceutical drug with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity / M
w79 / Diclofenac / Anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drug / M
w80 / Ibuprofen / Anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drug / M
w81 / Mefenamic acid, 2-(2,3-Dimethylanilino)benzoic acid / Pain reliever / M
Pesticides and pesticide metabolites
s46 / DDD, Bis(chlorophenyl) dichloroethane / DDT-metabolite / e.g. Zoro et al. 1974 / A or M
s47 / Chlorpyrifos / Insecticide, very commonly used pesticide for the culturing of paddy rice in tropical zones / Rola and Pingali 1993 / A or M
w82 / Chlorazine, 6-Chloro-2-N-N-N‘-N‘-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine / Herbicide, tolerated by cotton and beans, little economic importance in most countries / A
w83 / Ametryn / Herbicide, in the tropics used e.g. for sugarcane plantation / e.g. Lanchote et al. 2000 / A
w84 / Carbofuran / Carbofuran and isoprocarb are very commonly used insecticides for the culturing of paddy rice in tropical zones / Rola and Pingali 1993 / A
w85 / Isoprocarb / A
w86 / 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid / Herbicide; constituent of the defoliant mixture „Agent Orange“ that was used by the US military forces during the war in Vietnam from 1962-1971 / e.g. Aktar et al. 2009 / A
Synthetic fragrances
w87 / HHCB / Synthetic musk substitutes, ingredient of personal care products and detergents / M
w88 / AHTN / M
Technical additives
w89, s48 / DIPN, Bis(methylethyl)naphthalenes / Chemical used for the manufacturing of thermal papers; to a lesser extent used as heat carrier and solvent for pesticides / I
w90, s49 / Phenylmethoxynaphthalene / Used for the manufacturing of thermal papers / I
w91 / OPEC, 4-tert.-Octylphenolmonoethoxycarboxylate / Metabolites of octylphenol ethoxylates, nonionic surfactants that are widely used as industrial cleaning agents / Petrovic et al. 2001 / N
w92 / OP2EC, 4-tert.-Octylphenoldiethoxycarboxylate / N
w93 / 1,2-Diphenoxyethane / Used for the manufacturing of thermal papers / I
s50 / Trichloroethylphenyl acetat / Educt for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, to a minor extent used as fragrance / Imanishi et al. 2011,
Bickers et al. 2003 / (I)
s51 / Phenylterphenyl / Educt for the synthesis of light-emitting materials / Endo et al. 2012 / (I)
Compound code (first column): Compound identified in water (w) and/or sediment (s)
Origin code (last column): N Non-specific origin
M: Originates from municipal sewage inputs
SR: Street runoff inputs
A: Agricultural source
I: Industrial application known – previously detected in industrial wastewaters
(I): Industrial application known – not yet detected in industrial wastewaters
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