A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION UPON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF FIRST YEAR GNM NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED NURSING SCHOOL AT GULBARGA.
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
MR. VISHAL PANDYA
M.Sc. NURSING – 1ST YEAR
AL- KAREEM COLLEGE OF NURSING GULBARGA
2009-2010
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA
BANGALORE
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1 / Name of the Candidate and Address(In Block Letters) / Mr. VISHAL PANDYA
1 YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,
AL- KAREEM COLLEGE OF NURSING,
GULBARGA
2 / Name of Institution / Al- Kareem College of Nursing
BAREY HILLS, NEAR ADARSH NAGAR, GULBARGA - 585105
3 / Course and study subject / M.Sc. NURSING,
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
4 / Date of Admission / 14.09.2009
5 / Title of the Topic / A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION UPON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF FIRST YEAR GNM NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED NURSING SCHOOL AT GULBARGA.
6. INTRODUCTION:
“Safe blood starts with me; blood saver lives”- world health day 2000. “To give for a good cause for a good outcome”1.
Nothing to comparable to the preciousness of human blood. In spite of the rapid and remarkable conquests of medical sciences today, there is no factory that manufactures blood. It is only in human beings that human blood is made and circulated. For those who require blood for saving their lives, sharing from other fellow is the only means. Hence, donation-rather voluntary donation is the only way of accumulating blood at safe storage to meet emergency requirements for saving lives. The availability of blood for operation and transfusion is an essential part of over health care system. Only 6% eligible population currently donates blood, but need for blood transfusion remains consistently high. Anything up to 3 million donations a year is needed in the UK alone to keep pace with all the treatment that are carried out. The overall estimated annual requirement of the blood to be 6 million units in India. Only 3 million unit of blood were reported to be collected from professional, voluntary and replacement donors, these 1.2 million units were collected from paid professional donors. The estimated short fall of 3 million units will go up to 4.2 million units annually. Selecting college students for voluntary work because youth are healthy, active, dynamic, and receptive and constitute a greater proportion of populating a healthy attitude. Among college students will bring change as they are the backbone of the country they have to be encouraged. Inspired and motivated to donate blood voluntarily2.
In India for a population of 900 million and bed strength of little over half a million, blood needs met in relation to population per thousand are less than 10 donations per year. As is seen, blood is always in short supply and recruitment of donors is never met fully. This state of affairs could be overcome to a large extent by optimization of blood usage by way of component therapy. Adoption of novel techniques for the recruitment of voluntary blood donors will motivate people at large to donate blood. Apart from the overall shortage of blood, there is still a dependency on the professional donors and other problems like inadequate infrastructure and shortage of trained personnel.
In times of accidental injuries that shed huge amounts of blood and also in the various types of surgical operation for medical treatment, we require blood for transfusion. Non availability of blood may cost lives. Hence, impotence of blood donation is tremendous. This is the greatest gift on can do for the mankind voluntary blood donors are saviors of mankind. The average amount of blood present in an adult is 4 – 5 liters or about 8% of the body weight. A person can donate blood 168 times during his 18 to 60 years. The quantity of blood present in 1 kg of body weight is 76 ml for males and 66 ml for females out of the 8 ml per kg body weight is denotable males can donate for every 3 months while females for every 4 months. All donated blood is recuperated with in 21 days,. At one time only 350 ml will be taken from a donor is not more than 20 minutes time including time for rest and refreshment. In short blood transfusion is an essential component for modern medicine and save tens and thousands of lives every day. In a country like India for safe blood transfusion the only way open is switching blood donation programme3.
The goal of all blood donor recruitment & retention is to provide sufficient amounts of blood and blood products to all patients in all hospitals in a country at all times. The WHO recommends that all countries should be self sufficient in all blood products and that all blood donation should be voluntary, anonymous and non-remunerated. To achieve this goal, government, blood banks and volunteers must work together, every part of the world understand for voluntary blood donation now a days but still lack of knowledge and have many confusion and factors such as social, economic, fear (psychological), to obstruct and voluntary blood donation practice. WHO, Government of every states and voluntary health agencies such as Red Cross doing best job on motivation for voluntary blood donation including health education, camps, motivations etc4.
7. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
NEED FOR THE STUDY
A study was conducted on knowledge and attitude towards voluntary blood donation among Dhaka university students in Bangladesh in 1997. 200 students were selected to participate in this study and were interviewed face to face on various aspects of blood donation using a structured questionnaire. 82% of the participants showed a positive attitude towards blood donation; however, only 16 per cent of the respondents in this study had actually ever donated blood voluntarily. The results also showed that a high number of respondents (93%) had a negative attitude towards paid blood donation. it also shows physical harm, fear and inadequate knowledge were found to be in common reason for not donating blood. This study suggested for appropriate motivation activities to be launched immediately among the younger section of population to convert this favorable attitude towards blood donation5.
A study conducted on Attitudes towards blood donation in Trinidad and Tobago in 2006. This study were to determine the factors that influence blood donation in different demographic groups in a multi-ethnic, multicultural community, and to devise a strategy for a national campaign to increase voluntary non-remunerated blood donations. A total of 1146 (81·2%) respondents had never donated blood. Of the 277 (18·8%) who had previously donated, replacement for a family member or friend was the most common reason (86·9%). The prevalence of donation was low in all racial, religious, gender, educational and age groups. However, there were significant demographic variations. The majority (71·3%) of non-donors cited a lack of information as a major reason for non-donation and expressed a willingness to donate if access to information and donation facilities were improved6.
The study was conducted on Voluntary blood donation, traditionally considered a fulfilling task, seems to be losing its appeal in Kolkata in the year 2010. Statistics prepared by the Association of Voluntary Blood Donors’ Forum (AVBDF) on the percentage of voluntary blood donation to the total blood collection in individual states during the last one year, shows a rapid decline in the number of donors throughout India. Only five states have achieved the record where the percentage of voluntary blood donation to total collection stands above 80%. Tripura has ranked first in the list with an excellent figure of 95.3%. West Bengal, which had traditionally been either in the first or second position, has been outranked by Tamilnadu, which came second with a percentage figure of 91.9%. West Bengal, with a figure of 85.1% stood third. Punjab ranked fourth with 84.9%, while Maharashtra was on the fifth position with 84.8%. Still other states of India like Karnataka needs voluntary blood donors7.
Voluntary Blood Donation programme or planned teaching programme for the knowledge and attitude is the foundation for safe and quality Blood Transfusion Service as the blood collection from Voluntary blood donors is considered to be the safest. In order to augment Voluntary Blood Donation in the country, there is a need to develop an operational guideline and teaching plan which can provide all the necessary information on recruitment and retention of voluntary blood donors for this important activity Recruitment of safe donors is a challenging task. It is necessary that people realize that blood donation is their responsibility. No Blood Bank, hospital or Government can sustain health care without adequate blood from such donors and Blood Donor Organizations plays a very crucial role in this endeavor. In order to improve upon the voluntary blood collection through a comprehensive voluntary blood donation programme, this guideline (PTP) will serve as an important tool as it covers every aspect of the programme including the health education regarding the VBD to the nursing students. This will also be of immense help to all those who are involved with the voluntary blood donation programme in the country. With a hope that this PTP will guide nursing students to change the mindset of the community, particularly the youth of the country towards the concept of voluntary blood donations, the investigator has decided to conduct this study8.
8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is the key step in research process. It refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of publication relevant to the research project. The review of literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systematic and critical review of scholarly publications unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials and personal communications9.
A study in an attempt to understand the problems and to improve voluntary blood donation. 300 adults with Two-stage cluster sampling technique. The Main Outcome is socioeconomic and demographic variables of voluntary blood donation.78.7% of respondents in the present study felt that people donate blood to save a friend or a relative. On the contrary, minority respondents (46%) were ready to donate blood voluntary. There was a significant association between knowledge about blood donation and attitude towards voluntary blood donation, along with moral obligation10.
A study conducted on the request of the Palestinian Red Crescent Society, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics conducted a qualitative study on knowledge, attitudes and trends about blood. The study provided information about knowledge and attitudes blood donation, transfusion, and the need of Blood Bank Service. Result was 93% indicated that they heard about blood donation, of them 93% are males and 92% are females. The results shows that they heard about blood donation from relatives, friends and mass media. 94% express their readiness to donate blood for the family members. 6% object donating blood to family members due to fear of the process and disease transmission. About 37% never donated blood due to medical reasons, while 29% of them reveal being fear of AIDS infection, and 19% due to aging. 22% indicated that they heard about National Blood Transfer Services (Blood Bank). Relative and friends were the main source of hearing about (75%), followed by Mass media mainly TV (73%)11.
Study conducted on iron status of regular voluntary donors who donated their blood at least twice in a year. 220 male and 30 female voluntary donors were collected. who never donated blood and did not have any chronic infection. In the study and control groups, about 10% subjects consumed non-vegetarian diet. After investigation, 85 males and 56 females having haemoglobin (Hb) levels above 12.5 g/dl were selected as controls Significant increase or decrease was observed in mean values of various haematological and iron parameters in donors who donated blood for >20 times (P < 0.001), compared to controls. Anaemia, iron deficiency and depletion of iron stores were more prevalent in female donors (P < 0.05) compared to males and especially in those male donors who donated their blood for more than 20 times. Result shows that regular voluntary blood donors should receive iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency and depletion in iron stores12.
A study conducted on the attitudes of Medical and Nursing students towards blood donation are scanty. Since this group is a potential but under-utilized source of blood donors, studying their attitudes could provide insights into donor-related behavior. The attitudes towards blood donation and frequency of donation of 307 medical and nursing students were studied using a scale to measure affect, behavior and cognition. Result shows that In a medically-oriented population, donors and non-donors do not differ significantly in their sentiments towards blood donation. Other social variables may account for donor behavior which needs to be studied further13.
A study conducted on Knowledge about blood donation among a sample of Thai university students shown that Knowledge about blood donation and attitudes toward it are inadequate, especially in rural areas. The registry data of the National Blood Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, indicate that most voluntary blood donors are university students. The present study was therefore conducted to assess their knowledge of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation. 400 students participated in this study. Study shows that most participants (80%) knew about blood donation, only 11% (44 subjects) had ever donated blood voluntarily. Greater knowledge about blood donation does not lead to donation. Therefore, specific campaigns are needed to convert this into actual voluntary donation14.