1. Decreased blood supply to the organs causes hypoxia that activates fibroblasts function. Volume of what elements is increased in this case?
A. Intercellular substance
B. Lymphatic vessels
C. Nerve elements
D. Parenchymatous elements of the organ
E. Vessels of microcircular stream
2. The increased intraocular tension is observed in the patient with glaucoma. Secretion of aqueous humor by the ciliar body is normal. Injury of what structure of the eyeball wall caused the disorder of flow-out from the anterior chamber?
A. Venous sinus
B. Ciliary muscle
C. Ciliar body
D. Posterior epithelium of cornea
E. Choroid
3. The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in the animal. What changes will take place in the innervation region?
A. Loss of movements
B. Loss of proprioceptive sensitivity
C. Loss of touch sensitivity
D. Hypersensitivity
E. Loss of temperature sensitivity
4. In the blood of a 26-year-old man it was revealed 18% of erythrocytes of the spherical ball-shaped, flat and horn-like shape. Other erythrocytes were in the form of the bi concave disks. How is such phenomenon called?
A. Physiological poikilocytosis
B. Pathological poikilocytosis
C. Physiological anisocytosis
D. Pathological anisocytosis
E. Erythrocytosis
5. Lung of premature infant is presented on electronic photomicrography of biopsy material. Collapse of the alveolar wall caused by the deficiency of surfactant was revealed. Disfunction of what cells of the alveolar wall caused it?
A. Alveocytes type II
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Alveocytes type I
D. Secretory cells
E. Fibroblasts
6. Patient with injured muscles of the lower extremities was admittted to the traumatological department. Due to what cells is reparative regeneration of the muscle fibers and restoration of the muscle function possible?
A. Satellite-cells
B. Fibroblasts
C. Myoblasts
D. Myofibroblasts
E. Myoepithelial cells
7. Moving of the daughter cromatids to the poles of the cell is observed in the mitotically dividing cell. On what stage of the mitotic cycle is this cell?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Prophase
D. Interfase
E. Metaphase
8. The cell of the laboratory animal was overdosed with Roentgen rays. As a result albuminous fragments formed in the cytoplasm. What cell organoid will take part at their utilization?
A. Lysosomes
B. Golgi complex
C. Ribosome
D. Emdoplasmic reticulum
E. Cells centre
9. The specimens present sections of haemopoetic and immunogenetic organs. Organ has lymph tissue forming different structures (lobules, cortex and medulla, concentrically, arranged epithelioreticular cells). In what organ does antigen-independent proliferation and differantiation take place?
A. Thymus
B. Lymphatic nodes
C. Hemolymph nodes
D. Spleen
E. Tonsil
10. A 2-year-old child experienced convulsions because of lowering calcium ions concentration in the blood plasma. Function of what structure is decreased?
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Hypophysis
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus
E. Adrenal Cortex
11. Middle part of cochlea of internal ear was destroyed in animal during the experiment. It will cause abnormalities of the sound perception of the following frequencies:
A. Middle
B. High
C. No abnormalities
D. Low
E. High and low
12. Low level of albumins and fibrinogen was detected in the patient’s blood. Decreased activity of what organelle of the liver hepatocytes can cause it?
A. Granular endoplasmatic reticulum
B. Mitochondrions
C. Agranular endoplasmatic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
E. Golgi complex
13. In the microspecimen of red bone marrow there were revealed multiple capillares through the walls of which mature blood cells penetrated. What type of capillares is it?
A. Sinusoidal
B. Somatic
C. Fenestrated
D. Visceral
E. Lymphatic
14. During histological examination of the stomach it was found out that glands contain very small amount of parietal cells or they are totally absent. Mucose membrane of what part of the stomach was studied?
A. Pyloric part
B. Body of stomach
C. –
D. Cardiac part
E. Fundus of stomach
15. In the ovary specimen colored with hematoxylin-eosin, follicle is determined where cuboidal follicular epithelial cells are placed in 1-2 layers, and pink covering (zona pellucida) is seen around ovocyte. Name this follicle:
A. Primary
B. Atretic
C. Secondary
D. Mature
E. Primordial
16. The microscopic examination of wound lavage of a patient with acute woundy process of his skin revealed big contents of irregular extended-formed cells, with big nucleus, the basophilic cytoplasm of which includes many lysosomes, phagosomes and pinocytotic vesicles. What cells are found out in the wound?
A. Connective tissue macrophages
B. Fibroblasts
C. Plasmocytes
D. Fibrocytes
E. Tissue basophils
17. After the radiactive exposure a patient has stem cells disorder. The regeneration of what cells of friable (loose) connective tissue will be damaged?
A. Macrophages
B. Fibroblasts
C. Pericytes
D. Adipocytes
E. Pigment cells
18. A 39-year-old patient after radiotherapy because of hepatoma developed ulcer of small intestine. It was caused by the inhibition of mytotic activity of the cells, which are responsible for regeneration of small intestine surface epithelium. Inhibition of what cells mitotic activity does this patient have?
A. Crypt columnar cells without brush border
B. Caliciform exocrynocytes
C. Endocrine cells
D. Exocrynocytes with acidophilic granules
E. Columnar cells
19. The auscultation of a patient with dry pleuritis has revealed plueral friction rub. What epithelium type can cause such signs?
A. Simple flat (squamous) epithelium (mesothelium)
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Simple prismatic epithelium
D. Laminated epithelium
E. Simple cuboidal epithelium
20. The study of mitotic cycle phases of onion root revealed the cell, in which the chromosomes are situated in the equatorial plane, forming a monaster. What stage of the cell mitosis is it?
A. Metaphase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Prophase
E. Interphase
21. In the blood smear, stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa method, there are 20% big (20 mcm in diameter), rounded cells with pale-basophilic cytoplasm and bean-shaped nucleus. How is this condition characterised clinically?
A. Monocytosis
B. Neutrophilosis
C. Leukopenia
D. Reticulocytosis
E. Lymphocytosis
22. Because of present gallstone in the common bile duct, a patient has no bile excretion into duodenum. What disorder can it cause?
A. Lipids digestion
B. Proteins absorption
C. Proteins digestion
D. Carbohydrates digestion
E. 30
23. During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the synthesis of proteins – tubulines, which take part in the mitotic spindle formation, was destroyed. It can cause the impairment of:
A. Chromosome separation
B. Duration of mitosis
C. Chromosome despiralization
D. Chromosome spiralization
E. Cytokinesis
24. A tissue sample of benign tumor was studied under the electron microscope. A lot of small (15-20 nm) spherical bodies, consisting of 2 unequal subunits were detected. These are:
A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Microtubules
E. Golgi complex
25. Oval and round organelles with double wall are seen at the electron micrograph. The outer membrane is smooth, the inner membrane folded into cristae contain enzyme ATPase synthetase. These are:
A. Mitochondria
B. Lysosomes
C. Ribosomes
D. Golgi complex
E. Centrioles
26. After breathing with poisonous steams there is an increased quantity of slime (mucous) in respiratory passages of a chemical production worker. What of respiratory tract epithelial cells participate in mucosa moistening?
A. Goblet cells
B. Langergans cells
C. Intercalated cells
D. Fibroblasts
E. Endocrine cells
27. The reason of occurrence of some diseases of an oral cavity is connected with structural peculiarities of its mucous membrane. What morphological attributes characterize these features?
A. No muscularis mucosa, stratified squamous epithelium
B. Simple columnar ciliated epithelium
C. Transitional epithelium, no submucosa
D. Transitional epithelium, no muscularis mucosa
E. Well developed muscularis, no submucosa
28. There is the change of teeth at the 6-8-year-old children: deciduous are replaced by permanent. What embrionic tissues are the sources of formation of permanent teeth tissues?
A. Ectodermal epithelium of a tooth plate and mesenhyme
B. Mesodermal epithelium and mesenhyme
C. Entodermal epithelium of a tooth plate and mesenhyme
D. I, II brachial arches
E. Entodermal epithelium and mesoderm
29. A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed with insufficiency of exocrine function of pancreas. Hydrolisis of what nutrients will be disturbed?
A. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
B. Fats, carbohydrates
C. Proteins, carbohydrates
D. Proteins, fats
E. Proteins
30. In the specimen of one of the parts of respiratory system a tubular organ was found. It has low epithelium, well developed muscular tunic, glands and cartilage are absent. Name this organ:
A. Minor bronchus
B. Median bronchus
C. Major bronchus
D. Trachea
E. Larynx
31. Microspecimen of spinal cord contains a nucleus that should be analyzed. Its neurons form motor endings in the skeletal muscles. What nucleus of spinal cord is meant?
A. Proper nucleus of the anterior horn
B. Proper nucleus of the posterior horn
C. Intermediate lateral nucleus
D. Proper nucleus of gray substance
E. Thoracic nucleus
32. During pubescence the cells of male sexual glands begin to produce male sex hormone testosterone that calls forth secondary sexual characteristics. What cells of male sexual glands produce this hormone?
A. Leidig cells
B. Sertoli’s cells
C. Sustentocytes
D. Spermatozoa
E. Supporting cells
33. Labeled aminoacids alanine and tryptophane were introducted to a mouse in order to study localization of protein biosynthesis in its cells. Around what organelles will the accumulation of labeled aminoacids be observed?
A. Ribosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum
D. Cells center
E. Lysosomes
34. Histological examination of a 40 y.o. man’s thymus revealed decreased part of parenchymatous gland elements, increased part of adipose and loose connective tissue, its enrichment with thymus bodies. The organ’s mass was unchanged. What phenomenon is it?
A. Age involution
B. Accidental involution
C. Atrophy
D. Dystrophy
E. Hypotrophy
35. In course of indirect histogenesis of tubular bone tissue a plate is formed between epiphyseal and diaphyseal ossificcation centres that provides further lengthwise growth of bones. What structure is it?
A. Metaphyseal plate
B. Osseous plate
C. Osteon
D. Osseous cuff
E. Layer of interior general plates
36. Vitamin A deficit results in the impairment of twilight vision. Name the cells that have the afore-mentioned photoreceptor function:
A. Rod receptor cell
B. Ganglion neurocytes
C. Cone receptor cell
D. Horizontal neurocytes
E. Bipolar neurons
37. In course of an experiment a big number of stem cells of red bone marrow was in some way destructed. Regeneration of which cell populations in the loose connective tissue will be inhibited?
A. Macrophages
B. Fibroblast
C. Pericytes
D. Pigment cell
E. Lipocytes
38. Examination of a 43 y.o. patient revealed that his stomach has difficulties with digestion of protein food. Gastric juice analysis revealed low acidity. Function of which gastric cells is disturbed in this case?
A. Parietal exocrinocytes
B. Main exocrinocytes
C. Mucous cells
D. Endocrine cells
E. Cervical mucocytes
39. A 60 y.o. patient has a reduced perception of high-frequency sounds. what structures’ disorder of auditory analyzer caused these changes?
A. Basilar membrane of cochlea near the oval window
B. Basilar membrane of cochlea near helicotrema
C. Muscules of middle ear
D. Eustachian tube
E. Tympanic membrane
40. In course of practical training students studied a stained blood smear of a mouse with bacteria phagocytozed by leukocytes. What cell organella completes digestion of these bacteria?
A. Lisosomes
B. Mytochondrions
C. Ribosomes
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Granular endoplasmic reticulum
41. A teenager was irradiated with high radiation dose that resulted in serious damages of lymphoid system, lysis of many lymphocytes. Restoration of normal hemogram is possible due to the functioning of the following glands:
A. Thymus
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal
D. Liver
E. Pancreas
42. According to audiometry data a patient has a disturbed perception of mediumfrequency sounds. It might have been caused by a damage of:
A. Middle part of cochlea
B. Cochlear nuclei
C. Quadritubercular structure
D. Lateral geniculate bodies
E. Spiral ganglion
43. An electron micrograph of a kidney fragment presents an afferent arteriole. Under its endothelium some big cells can be seen that contain secretory granules. What type of cells is it?
A. Juxtaglomerular
B. Smooth muscle cells
C. Interstitial
D. Juxtavascular
E. Mesangeal
44. Histological specimen presents vessel the wall of which consists of endothelium, basal membrane and loose connective tissue. What type of vessel is it?
A. Vein of non-muscular type
B. Hemocapillary
C. Lymphocapillary
D. Vein of muscular type
E. Artery
45. Ultramicroscopical examination of “dark” hepatocyte population in the cell cytoplasm detected a developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. What function has this organelle in these cells?
A. Synthesis of blood plasma proteins
B. Bile production
C. Deintoxicative function
D. Calcium ion depositing
E. Carbohydrate synthesis
46. A histological specimen of spleen shows a vessel with a wall consisting of endothelium and subendothelial layer, median membrane is absent, external membrane inosculates with the layers of spleen connective tissue. What vessel is it?
A. Vein of non-muscular type
B. Artery of muscular type
C. Capillary
D. Vein of muscular type
E. Arteriole
47. Life cycle of a cell includes the process of DNA autoreduplication. As a result of it monochromatid chromosomes turn into bichromatid ones. What period of cell cycle does this phenomenon fall into?
A. S
B. G2
C. G0
D. G1
E. M
48. A pathological process in bronchi resulted in epithelium desquamation. What cells will regenerate bronchial epithelium?
A. Basal
B. Intercalated
C. Ciliated
D. Goblet
E. Endocrine
49. In embryo displays the process of dorsal mesoderm segmentation and somite formation is disturbed. What part of skin will have developmental abnormalities?
A. Dermis
B. Epidermis
C. Sudoriferous glands