United States History Study Guide

United States History Study Guide

Semester II – Grade 11

Academic Year 2014-2015

Note

The material presented in this document should be viewed as a “study guide” only. Meaning, it is just headlines and topics to help you study. However you are responsible for everything that is in your notes and textbook as well as any external material provided throughout the course.

Material Covered:

Chapter 4

Section 3

Summary:

The Americans won few battles, but the British under- estimated the Patriots and failed to adapt to fighting in America. A victory at Saratoga brought French assistance.

Objectives:

• Explain the advantages the British held at the start of the war, and the mistakes they made by underestimating the Patriots.

• Describe the frontier war.

• Evaluate the major military turning points of the war.

· Know the reasons behind why everyone expected the British to win and why people believed the Patriots would lose.

· Also, know and be able to explain the major mistakes that the British commanders made during the war.

· The outcome of the frontal assault that William Howe ordered.

· Explain the leadership strategy of George Washington and why soldiers looked up to him.

· Discuss and explain how the colonists endured the hardships of the war, especially at Valley Forge.

· Explain the important role that females played during the times of war.

· Discuss and explain the importance of the Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Princeton.

· Explain how Europeans were a great help to the Patriots during the way:

Ø Marquis de Lafayette.

Ø Baron Von Steuben.

Ø The Spanish at New Orleans.

· Discuss the war’s development when it moved Westward and how this impacted relations with the Native Americans.

Section 4

Summary:

British General Cornwallis was trapped at Yorktown and forced to surrender. The Treaty of Paris officially recognized American independence.

Objectives:

• Assess why the British failed to win the war in the South.

• Describe how the British were finally defeated.

• List the terms of the peace treaty.

• Explain how the war and the peace treaty affected minority groups and women.

• Assess the impact of the American Revolution on other countries.

· Explain why despite the fact that the British won several battles, they were still losing the way.

· Explain the significance of the American – French victory at Yorktown and the importance of the Treaty of Paris.

· List and explain the reasons behind why the British lost the war.

· Discuss the situation of Native Americans after the issuance of the Treaty of Paris.

· Discuss how the revolution affected slaves and other revolutions around the world.

Chapter 6

Section 1

Summary:

In 1789, George Washington selected a talented Cabinet and began setting precedents for the new government. Despite Washington’s opposition, political parties began to form for and against Alexander Hamilton’s economic plans.

Objectives:

• Describe the steps Washington’s administration took to build the federal government.

• Analyze Hamilton’s plans for the economy and the opposition to them.

• Explain how a two-party system emerged in the new nation.

· Discuss and explain the biggest challenges that George Washington faced when he took office.

· Identify the members of Washington’s cabinet and the responsibilities of each.

· Explain the importance of establishing a court system.

· Explain and discuss Hamilton’ plan in detail. You should know the terms of the plan, why it was created, his opinion of the plan, and the opinions of the Antifederalists.

· Explain why Jefferson opposed the plan.

· Discuss the difference between Jefferson & Hamilton’s views of how the constitution should be implemented.

· Be able to explain the whisky rebellion and why it occurred.

· Discuss and explain the emergence of the two political parties at that time:

Ø Democratic republicans,

Ø Federalists.

Section 2:

Summary:

The new nation faced difficulties involving both Native Americans and foreign powers. The nation attempted to remain neutral in a war between France and Britain, but abuses by both powers made this difficult.

Objectives:

• Explain how territorial expansion brought Americans into conflict with the British and with Native Americans.

• Describe American relations with Britain, France, and Spain.

• Analyze how the political parties’ debates over foreign policy further divided them.

· Describe how territorial expansion affected the relationship with natives.

· The problems that arose between the new administration and Chief Little Turtle, and the results.

· Discuss the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the resulting Treaty of Greenville.

· Discuss how the French revolution affected Americans and affected the relationship between the British and the French.

· Explain how the Americans viewed the British and French war and how it affected trade and revenues.

· Explain why Washington sent John Jay to London and the resulting treaty that took place.

· Know and explain the Pinckney treaty and its effects.

· Explain why Washington retired and the five points that explain how he helped the new nation.

· Explain the challenges that John Adams faced when he became president and his involvement in the XYZ Affair.

· Discuss and explain the Alien & Sedition Acts and their results.

· Explain the effects of the peace treaty that Adams made with France.

Section 3:

Summary:

The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another. Chief Justice John Marshall ensured that Federalist views were still heard during Jefferson’s presidency however. In 1803, Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France.

Objectives:

· Understand why some saw Jefferson’s election as a “republican revolution.”

· Explain the impact of John Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice of the United States.

· Identify the importance of the Louisiana Purchase.

· Analyze Jefferson’s foreign policies.

· Discuss and explain why Jefferson viewed his election as a revolution in the principals of government.

· Know who is John Marshal and why he was powerful.

Ø The four Federalist Principals he applied to his decisions and the concept of judicial review.

Ø The case of Marbury vs. Madison.

· Discuss the Louisiana purchase:

Ø How it was conducted and why.

Ø Its effects on the United States.

Ø Know its place on the map.

· Explain what is the Corps of Discovery:

Ø Why it took place.

Ø The people who led it.

· Discuss the Barbary Way and explain why it was initiated and its outcomes.

· Know the concept of impressment.

· Explain why Jefferson asked for an embargo, and its effects on the American people.

Section 4:

Summary:

Spurred by “War Hawks” in Congress, the U.S. went to war with Great Britain in 1812. While the fighting settled little, it provided Americans with a new sense of pride and nationalism.

Objectives:

• Identify the events that led to the War Hawks’ call for war.

• Analyze the major battles and conflicts of the War of 1812.

• Explain the significance of the War of 1812.

• Explain why Americans faced trouble from Native Americans.

Ø Chief Tecumesh and his efforts to fight American expansion.

Ø Battle of Tippecanoe.

• Who were the War Hawks and what did they want to do.

Ø Explain their input in the war of 1812.

• Discuss the four part offence that the British launched on the United States.

• Discuss and explain America’s worst humiliation during the war of 1812.

Ø Burning the White House.

• Discuss and explain the Treaty of Ghent and its effects.

• Discuss how the events of the war of 1812 fostered American pride:

Ø Francis Scott Key and the Star Spangled Banner.

• Explain the significance of the Hartforth convention.

Chapter 7

Section 1

Summary:

Transportation was changed by the growth of canals, railroads and steam power. An industrial revolution changed the nature of work as skilled artisans were replaced by factory workers.

Objectives:

• Summarize the key developments in the transportation revolution of the early 1800s.

• Analyze the rise of industry in the United States in the early 1800s.

• Describe some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the early 1800s.

· State and explain the major developments that took place during the 1800’s in terms of transportation and industry.

Ø Rail Roads.

Ø Canals.

Ø Steamboats.

· Be able to explain the importance and significance of the industrial revolution and the prominent people and terms that are related to this movement:

Ø Samuel Slater.

Ø Francis Cabot Lowell.

Ø The Lowell Girls.

Ø Eli Whitney.

Ø Interchangable Parts.

Ø Samuel B.F Mors.

Ø Mors Code.

Section 2

Summary:

While the North developed manufacturing along its rivers, the South came to be dominated by one agricultural product. “King Cotton” stifled the growth of industry, reinforced slavery, and increased sectional differences.

Objectives:

• Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the United States.

• Describe the impact of industrialization on northern life.

• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

· Explain the significance of the Tariff of 1816.

· How were labor unions formed and why?

· How and why the middle class emerged and the jobs that they occupied.

· The effects of immigration on America’s urban population during the 1840’s.

· The emergence of the Whig Party and their views about immigrant minorities like the Catholics &/or the Jews.

· The effects of cotton production on slavery.

· The importance of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.

· Explain how the dependence on cotton greatly limited the economy of the South.

· Explain why despite most of the Southerners were not slave holders, they still defended slavery.

Section 3

Summary:

Following the War of 1812 a spirit of nationalism developed in the United States. This was represented by Henry Clay’s American system and the adoption of the Monroe Doctrine.

Objectives:

• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the year following the War of 1812.

• Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy.

• Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew.

· Explain why democratic republicans enjoyed an era of good feeling under James Monroe.

· Discuss the concept of Henry Clay’s American System:

Ø Why it as developed,

Ø Who were the people that were greatly affected by it,

Ø The views of the North and the South and its outcome.

· Explain why Henry Clay wanted to reestablish a second National Bank.

· Explain how the Supreme Court justice continued to strengthen federal power under Chief Justice John Marshall.

· The concepts of BooM and Bust J

· Explain the American reissuance and its effects.

· Explain how American Nationalism was reflected in the Monroe Doctrine.

· Explain how United States policies reflected nationalism in Florida.

· Discuss and explain the Missouri Compromise.

Section 4

Summary:

The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 symbolized a growth in popular democracy. New state constitutions reduced property requirements and increased democracy, but Native Americans were forced off their land.

Objectives:

• Analyze the movement toward greater democracy and its impact.

• Describe the personal and political qualities of Andrew Jackson.

• Summarize the causes and effects of the removal of Native Americans in the early 1800s.

· Discuss the four candidates that ran for president in 1824, and who won:

Ø John Quincy Adams,

Ø William Crawford,

Ø Andrew Jackson,

Ø Henry Clay.

· Explain why Adams won the presidency and the concepts of:

Ø Jacksonian Democracy,

Ø Spoils System.

· Know who Martin Van Buren is.

· Explain why conflicts arose between Native Americans and whites.

· Discuss the Indian removal act and its effects, as well as the Trail of tears.

Section 5

Summary:

Disputes over tariffs and the westward spread of slavery threatened the Union in the early 1800s. The Missouri Compromise and the Nullification Crisis illustrated sectional differences that were never permanently addressed.

Objectives:

• Evaluate the significance of the debate over tariffs and the idea of nullification.

• Summarize the key events of the conflict over the second Bank of the United States in the 1830s.

• Analyze the political environment in the United States after Andrew Jackson.

· Discuss and explain the tariff of abomination and why it developed.

· Discuss why John C. Calhoun resigned from vice presidency and what he did after.

· Discuss the resolution of Nullification Crisis that took place in 1833.

· Explain why the second national bank divided Americans.

· Who were the Whigs, their leaders, and their political views.

· Explain why Andrew Jackson was viewed as a tyrant.

· Discuss why his economic policies led to economic disaster for the next president.

· Discuss the Panic of 1837:

Ø Inflation.

Ø Bankruptcies.

Ø How and why people left their jobs.

Chapter 8

Section 1

Summary:

In the 1800s, a religious revival began in the United States that lasted almost half a century. It encompassed evangelical preaching, the emergence of new religious groups, the growth of utopian communities, and the Transcendentalist movement. It was also a period of intolerance of non-Protestant religions.

Objectives:

• Describe the Second Great Awakening.

• Explain why some religious groups suffered from discrimination in the mid-1800s.

• Trace the emergence of the utopian and Transcendentalist movements.

· Discuss the concept of the Second Great Awakening and the reasons behind why it took place.

· Discuss how the Evangelical revivals began on the Kentucky frontier and spread to the cities
of the Northeast by the 1820s.

· Discuss why African Americans also embraced religion.

· Explain who were the Unitarians and who were the Mormons.

· Discuss how Joseph Smith and the Mormons were intolerant of other religious groups and what that lead to.

Ø Catholics,

Ø Jews.

· Explain the concepts of Utopian Communities, Transcendentalists, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

· Explain the importance of Henry David Thoreau and his beliefs.

Section 2

Summary:

A number of major reform movements of varying effectiveness emerged in the first half of the 1800s. They attempted to improve conditions related to public education, the abuse of alcohol, and the treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill.

Objectives:

• Describe the public school movement.

• Describe how reformers tried to improve the condition of prisoners and people with mental illness.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of the temperance movement.

· Discuss and explain the important movements that took place during that time, their leaders and why they were significant:

Ø The Temperance movement.

Ø The Penitentiary movement.

Ø The Public School movement.

· Discuss the contributions that Horace Mann called for.

· Discuss the major role that women played during that time:

Ø The Public School’s movement.