22-2 “The Enlightenment in Europe”
Two Views on Government
n Scientific Revolution spurs ________________________of many prevailing ideas
n Europeans seek insights into society in the 1600s and 1700s
n Leads to______________________– a movement stressing ______________and ______________
Hobbe’s Social Contract
n Hobbes distrusts______________, favors strong ________________to keep order
n Promotes _______________________-getting order by giving power to monarch
Locke’s Natural Rights
n Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from __________________
n Stresses that people have a right to _________________an unjust government
The Philosophes Advocate Reason
n Beliefs of the Philosophes
n The philosophes are French social critics in the mid- 1700s
n Value _________, ____________, ____________, _______________, _______________________
Voltaire Combats Intolerance
n Voltaire – influential philosophe, ________________of Francois Marie Arouet
n Publishes many works arguing for tolerance, reason
n Makes powerful enemies and is _________________twice for his views
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
n _______________writer who admires __________________ government system
n Favors _________________________to keep one body from running government
Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
n Philosophe who favors individual freedom, direct democracy
n Views _____________________as agreement by free people to form government
Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
n Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria works to reform ______________________
n Calls for speedy trials, greater rights for _______________________________
Women and the Enlightenment
n View on Women’s Education Change
n Many Enlightenment thinkers take ________________ view of women’s role
n Prominent writer ________________________________ urges greater rights for women
n Argues women need quality ___________________ to be virtuous and useful
n Urges women to go into traditionally __________________ like _______________
n Some _________________ women use their ______________ to promote Enlightenment ideas
Legacy of the Enlightenment
n Role of the Philosophes
n The philosophes are not activists, but ______________major revolutions
n Belief in Progress
n Scientific breakthroughs show ___________________to improve society
n A More Secular Outlook
n New knowledge of the world leads people to question ____________ideas
n Voltaire and others criticize beliefs and practices of _________________
n Importance of the Individual
n People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities
n _________________becomes a central concept for philosophers, rulers