Selection and Presentation of Commercially Available Electronic Resources
Timothy D. Jewell
University of Washington Libraries
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Selection Policies, Guidelines, and Plans
- Organization and Roles [section to be added]
- Purchasing Strategies, Consortia, and Publishing Initiatives
- Licensing Practices
- Web Presentation Strategies
- User Support
- Evaluation and Usage Information [section to be added]
- Procedure Streamlining and Support Systems
- Summary and Conclusions [section to be edited and expanded]
- References
- Appendices
A. Commercial E-Resource Good Practice Candidates and Web Sites
B. Consortial Purchasing of Major Databases and E-Journal Packages
C. Functions and Data Elements for Managing Electronic Resources
Introduction
As is true of the other two essays in this series, the goal of this one is to review and discuss practices that various libraries have put in place for developing their digital collections – and especially those practices that stand out in some way as “good or best.” Here the focus is on selection and implementation of “third party” electronic resources that libraries spend their resource dollars to acquire.
This category of resources is very broad – perhaps impossibly so – since even the crudest inventory would have to include such tools as indexing and abstracting databases, electronic journals, hybrid “aggregator” databases that combine features of both, full-text encyclopedias and similar products, historical full-text collections, and now electronic books. Most ARL libraries now have well-established websites, on which are typically to be found extensive lists of widely accessible electronic resources. From the imagined perspective of a hypothetical library user of ten years ago the extent, richness, and variety of these offerings must be striking (and a little bit daunting), since it is common to find hundreds of databases, and literally thousands of electronic journals, on the larger ARL member library web sites.
It is hardly surprising that spending on electronic resources has been gradually rising for over a decade. Among ARL libraries, expenditures for these products and services has increased from 3.6 % of resources budgets in 1992-1993 (or about $172,000) to over 10% (an average of about $742,000) in 1998-1999. Preliminary data for 1999-2000 indicate that the long-term growth trend in spending is continuing, and many suspect that it will increase more rapidly over the next few years as more and more material becomes available on the web, established companies modify their offerings to emphasize electronic access, and new companies begin to offer a range of electronic resources directly to users – thus possibly becoming serious competitors to libraries, or at least occupying a “new competitive space.” (Hughes 2000). The rapid development of the Internet, followed by the dramatic emergence of the Web, has clearly been among the more obvious drivers of recent growth in these expenditures. Although reliance on “linear models” of change may be risky (Brown and Duguid 2000) it does seem quite safe to assume that in another ten years the typical ARL library will be spending considerably more for electronic resources and access than they do now, and will have plunged much further ahead into an “electronic future” -- though it may hard to guess at more than the contours of that future.
It may seem surprising that the subset of ARL libraries that also belong to the Digital Library Federation – which have typically taken strong leadership positions in developing digitized collections and thus might be expected to have made more radical moves in acquiring access to fee-based electronic resources – appear to spend roughly the same proportion of their materials budgets on electronic resources as do other ARL libraries. For example, Table 1 shows that while the median percentage spent by ARL libraries on electronic resources was 10.18%, the corresponding percentage for reporting DLF member libraries was actually a little less than that: 9.65%. Interestingly, in 1998-1999 several non-DLF ARL libraries spent more as a percentage of their materials budgets than did the DLF libraries at the high end of either measure. Nevertheless, Table 1 also shows that reporting DLF member libraries, as a group, invested significantly more money on average in electronic resources (about $1.1 million) than did the typical ARL library.
Table 1. DLF Member Libraries’ Expenditures for Electronic Resources
(As reported to ARL for 1998-1999)
Reporting DLF Institutions / E-resource Expenditures / Percent of resourcesCalifornia, Berkeley / $ 305,351 / 2.37%
Columbia / $ 1,105,102 / 9.23%
Cornell / $ 1,178,866 / 10.61%
Emory / $ 1,034,488 / 11.94%
Harvard / $ 2,524,677 / 11.89%
Illinois, Urbana / $ 874,660 / 9.26%
Indiana / $ 667,316 / 7.28%
Library of Congress / $ 493,625 / 5.67%
Michigan / $ 1,941,139 / 12.32%
Minnesota / $ 1,242,732 / 12.50%
New York Public Library / $ 741,819 / 6.75%
North Carolina State / $ 1,309,592 / 17.08%
Penn State / $ 1,502,722 / 11.76%
Pennsylvania / $ 1,295,109 / 13.33%
Princeton / $ 973,829 / 9.15%
Southern California / $ 847,916 / 10.04%
Tennessee / $ 460,314 / 8.10%
Texas / $ 1,795,329 / 17.66%
Virginia / $ 658,635 / 8.19%
Yale / $ 997,000 / 5.65%
Total / $ 21,950,221
Average / $ 1,097,511
ARL Average / $ 742,598
Median / $ 1,015,744 / 9.65%
ARL Median / $ 645,495 / 10.18%
If DLF libraries are not spending a larger portion of their resources budgets for electronic resources, the fact that they are spending larger amounts of money does suggest that they share problems of operational scale.
Perspectives and Definitions
Most readers of this essay will be well acquainted with developments in electronic resources and – given the levels of expenditures just sketched -- will appreciate the breadth of the topic in the DLF context, the great diversity among electronic resources currently offered for sale or subscription and of interest to its members, and the amazing rapidity with which relevant developments continue to take place. Such readers may well wonder whether it is possible to identify “best practices” in this area, or to do much more than offer a “time slice” that will quickly be outdated. Perhaps above all, they may wonder what level of treatment “granularity” for such a broad topic might be both achievable and useful?
The research that I have done for this project has led me to conclude that – whether or not examples of “best practices” are readily identifiable -- there are plenty of good, interesting, and even inspiring practices and documents that can be adapted by other libraries to their local situations. Since locating them wasn’t always easy, I suspect they may have had little impact beyond their local settings. With this in mind, I have tried to select and organize pointers to documents and websites that strike me (as a fellow “practitioner) as especially useful, interesting, or illustrative of one thing or another.
In line with the goals of the DLF initiative, I have tried to pay particular attention to practices that I feel help foster “sustainability and scalability” – though the idea of “sustainability” merits some discussion in the context of commercially available electronic resources. The first meaning that many librarians will now associate with the word relates to the economics of the “system” of scholarly communication or publishing. For example, the “Tempe Principles” adopted in May 2000 by a group librarians, university administrators, and others states that the “ . . . current system of scholarly publishing has become too costly for the academic community to sustain.” <reference> This may well be the single most important “sustainability” question, and a variety of approaches and strategies (such as consortial buying arrangements and such initiatives as SPARC <reference>) have recently been introduced and will be discussed. These appear to merit “global” treatment as “best practices” – but they are fairly few in number, and their long-term effects are unknown.
As important as such initiatives are to the marketplace within which purchase or subscription decisions are made, there is a very wide array of operational activity that goes into selection, presentation, and support of electronic resources. Well-organized and effective practices can contribute to sustainability by minimizing the amount of time and effort that must be expended by users and staff.
Aims, Methodology and Organization
The idea of putting together useful practices and internal documents is, of course, hardly new. ARL SPEC Kits perform a similar function and are highly valued by those interested in the topics they cover. This essay and its supporting documents depart in several ways from the SPEC Kit model, however. For instance, because of time constraints and the broad scope of possible topics, I did not attempt to write a questionnaire that I thought would cover all or most relevant points. As a result, this report is probably somewhat more impressionistic and less representative of the state of the art than it could be. However, I have tried to provide somewhat more context and discussion than might typically be found in a SPEC Kit. In addition, I have tried to present an idealized model or list of practices that, taken together, depict my own view of “how things should work” in this area – not with a view to establishing a set of standards, but to assist with local decision-making. Lastly, a summary table is presented (see Appendix A) which includes document links and descriptions that could be posted with little modification to the DLF website for the use of the membership and other interested parties.
My approach to the research I conducted for this article involved a variety of things. First, I found the recent ARL SPEC kits on Managing the Licensing of Electronic Products (number 248) and on Networked Information Resources (number 253) to be especially helpful. Although the documents reproduced in both were interesting and useful in themselves, they also often provided jumping off points for web searching for similar documents, other documents from the same institutions, or names of people for me to contact with exploratory questions. I also spent substantial time simply looking at the websites of DLF members and of other ARL libraries with similar levels of investment in electronic resources. The opportunities that I have had over the last few years to attend meetings of the International Coalition of Library Consortia have also been extremely helpful, and led to further questions and contacts.
The remainder of this essay has been organized into several rough topical categories:
· Selection Policies, Guidelines, and Plans
· Organization and Roles
· Purchasing Strategies, Consortia, and Publishing Initiatives
· Licensing Practices
· Web Presentation Strategies
· User Support
· Evaluation and Usage Information
· Procedure Streamlining and Support Systems
Few of these topics can really be treated in isolation from the others, and any given document or practice could conceivably fall into multiple categories. I hope that by organizing them in this way and making them more visible and “findable,” this review will lead to wider discussion and improved and innovative practice.
Selection Policies, Guidelines, and Plans
Most libraries have decided that the selection and implementation of commercially available electronic resources is different enough from selection of non-electronic (sometimes now called “traditional”) resources to warrant trying to arrive at a commonly understood frame of reference through formalized policy documents. Nevertheless, a common observation made by librarians about decision-making with respect to electronic resources at their own institutions is that it tends to be “ad hoc” or “opportunistic,” which suggests some understandable ongoing tensions between formal policy and actual practice.
Perhaps the single most common thread running through the selection policy documents sampled for this project is that although electronic resources raise some new and different questions, the value system brought to bear on selecting other resources is still valid and is to be applied. For instance, Penn State’s document on Evaluating Electronic Resources begins by stating that “the guidelines for evaluating print publications . . . can also be applied to electronic resources,” and the California Digital Library’s “Collection Framework” document that “conventional collection development criteria should be paramount and should be applied consistently across formats, including digital resources.” The Library of Congress’ “Collections Policy Statement for Electronic Resources” notes that “the criteria used to evaluate electronic resources do not differ greatly from those used for books or materials in other formats. Following a similar statement, USC’s “Collection Policy Statement for Information in Electronic Formats” states somewhat more specifically that these general criteria are:
a. The resource contributes to the University Library’s mission of providing support for instruction and research
b. There is a demonstrated curricular or informational need or an identifiable potential audience for the resource.
Lastly, the University of Texas’ “General Libraries Digital Collection Development Framework” notes that
“As with all formats, digital material should meet the same subject, chronological, geographical, language and other guidelines as outlined in the library’s subject collection policies; and possess the same standards of excellence, comprehensiveness, and authority that the library expects from all of its acquisitions.”
Though attempting to anchor decision-making in broader and older understandings, selection guideline documents also typically list and discuss factors that are unique to electronic resources, and which need to be considered -- although in some cases these are presented in checklist form. These questions are often grouped together in internal documens, although different institutions have done so in slightly different ways. Yale’s “Examining Networked Resources” checklists, are unusually thorough -- extending to 13 pages – but have much in common with those in use elsewhere. Several of the following topical categories are drawn from that list:
· Content. Comparisons to printed versions in terms of completeness/selectivity, backfile coverage, update frequency, etc.
· Added Value. Wider access, searchability, potentially greater currency, etc.
· Presentation or Functionality. Usability, searching and limit functions, linking, etc. (The Yale checklist and a similar one in use by the California Digital Library have especially useful lists of these considerations. The CDL list differentiates between those that are seen as “critical” and others, and assigns them a higher score for evaluation purposes.)