PRE-AP CHEMISTRY
REFERENCE PACKET
Includes:
Equations & Constants
Periodic Table
Common Oxidation Numbers
Naming Flow Chart
Elements to Memorize
Polyatomic Ions to Memorize
Electronegativity Values
Solubility Rules
PRE-AP CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
PV = nRT
SOLUTIONS
V1M1 = V2M2
Kw = [H+][OH–]
pH = – log [H+]
pOH = – log [OH–]
[H+] = 10 – pH
[OH–] = 10 – pOH
pH + pOH = 14
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Q = mCΔT (also known as “ΔH”)
ΔH = moles x Hfus/vap
OTHER FORMULAS
EQUILIBRIUM
For aA + bB ↔ cC + dD:
Rate = k[A]x[B]y
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole
h = Planck’s Constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J·s
c = Speed of Light = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Kw = ionization constant of water = 1 x 10–14 (mol/L)2
STP = 0 °C and 1 atm
0°C = 273 K
Volume of Ideal Gas at STP = 22.4 L/mol
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.33 kPa = 14.7 psi
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 joules (J)
1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)
Naming Flow Chart
NAMES/SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS TO MEMORIZE!
aluminum / Al / copper / Cu / oxygen / O
antimony / Sb / fluorine / F / phosphorus / P
argon / Ar / gold / Au / platinum / Pt
arsenic / As / helium / He / potassium / K
barium / Ba / hydrogen / H / radon / Rn
beryllium / Be / iodine / I / selenium / Se
bismuth / Bi / iron / Fe / silicon / Si
boron / B / krypton / Kr / silver / Ag
bromine / Br / lead / Pb / sodium / Na
cadmium / Cd / lithium / Li / strontium / Sr
calcium / Ca / magnesium / Mg / sulfur / S
carbon / C / manganese / Mn / tin / Sn
cesium / Cs / mercury / Hg / tungsten / W
chlorine / Cl / neon / Ne / uranium / U
chromium / Cr / nickel / Ni / xenon / Xe
cobalt / Co / nitrogen / N / zinc / Zn
RULES: (1) 1st letter PRINTED uppercase, 2nd letter PRINTED lowercase (2) spelling counts! (3) NO cursive!
QUIZ ONE: 1st column QUIZ TWO: 1st and 2nd column QUIZ THREE: 1st, 2nd and 3rd column
Electronegativity Values
H2.1 / He
0
Li
1.0 / Be
1.5 / B
2.0 / C
2.5 / N
3.0 / O
3.5 / F
4.0 / Ne
0
Na
0.9 / Mg
1.2 / Al
1.5 / Si
1.8 / P
2.1 / S
2.5 / Cl
3.0 / Ar
0
K
0.8 / Ca
1.0 / Sc
1.3 / Ti
1.5 / V
1.6 / Cr
1.6 / Mn
1.5 / Fe
1.8 / Co
1.8 / Ni
1.8 / Cu
1.9 / Zn
1.6 / Ga
1.6 / Ge
1.8 / As
2.0 / Se
2.4 / Br
2.8 / Kr
0
Rb
0.8 / Sr
1.3 / Y
1.2 / Zr
1.4 / Nb
1.6 / Mo
1.8 / Tc
1.9 / Ru
2.2 / Rh
2.2 / Pd
2.2 / Ag
1.9 / Cd
1.7 / In
1.7 / Sn
1.8 / Sb
1.9 / Te
2.1 / I
2.5 / Xe
0
Cs
0.7 / Ba
0.9 / •La
1.1 / Hf
1.3 / Ta
1.5 / W
1.7 / Re
1.9 / Os
2.2 / Ir
2.2 / Pt
2.2 / Au
2.4 / Hg
1.9 / Tl
1.8 / Pb
1.8 / Bi
1.9 / Po
2.0 / At
2.2 / Rn
0
Fr
0.7 / Ra
0.9 / §Ac
1.1
POLYATOMIC IONS TO MEMORIZE!
YOU MUST MEMORIZE NAME, FORMULA, AND CHARGE!
Per____ate / _____ate / ____ite / hypo____itexxx / PO4—3
phosphate / PO3—3
phosphite / xxx
xxx / SO4—2
sulfate / SO3—2
sulfite / SO2—2
hyposulfite
xxx / CO3—2
carbonate / xxx / xxx
xxx / NO3—1
nitrate / NO2—1
nitrite / xxx
ClO4—1
perchlorate / ClO3—1
chlorate / ClO2—1
chlorite / ClO—1
hypochlorite
BrO4—1
perbromate / BrO3—1
bromate / BrO2—1
bromite / BrO—1
hypobromite
IO4—1
periodate / IO3—1
iodate / IO2—1
iodite / IO—1
hypoiodite
per___ate: has one more oxygen than “ATE”
___ate: most common form
___ite: one less oxygen than the “ate”
hypo__ite: two less oxygens than the “ate”
___ide: no oxygens, not a polyatomic
OTHERS:
MnO4—1 / permanganateC2H3O2—1 / acetate
HCO3—1 / hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
CrO4—2 / chromate
Cr2O7—2 / dichromate
OH—1 / hydroxide
CN—1 / cyanide
NH4+1 (note positive charge) / ammonium
NOTE: The charge can be shown either before or after the number… both are correct. Also, if a charge is either +1 or –1, you may show just the sign (+ or –). The 1 is not required to be shown.